Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 10.djvu/72

LEFT TYLEB 54 TYNDALE lonial Period"; "Glimpses of England"; "The Brannville Papers"; "The Literary History of the American Revolution"; "Life of Patrick Henry"; "Three Men of Letters"; and "Manual of English Liter- ature." He died in Ithaca, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1900. TYLER, ROYAIiL, an American author; born in Boston, Mass., July 18, 1757. In 1794 he was judge of the Su- preme Court of Vermont, and in 1800 its Chief Justice. He wrote the first Amer- ican play to be acted by regular come- dians: "The Contrast," produced in 1786 at New York. He also wrote "May- Day: A Comedy" (1787); "The Georgia Spec; or. Land in the Moon" (1797); "The Algerine Captive" (1799) ; "Moral Tales for American Youths"; "The Yankee in London"; and contributed many sketches, verses, and essays to various journals and magazines. He died in Brattleboro, Vt., Aug. 16, 1826. TYLER INSURRECTIOISr, a popular revolt in England during the minority of Richard II., headed by Wat Tyler, a soldier who had served in the French wars, and Jack Straw, an Essex peasant. Its immediate occasion was the imposition in 1381 of a poll tax of three goats on every adult, to defray the cost of the dis- astrous French war; and the first blow struck was the death of a tax gatherer, who had offered an insult to the daughter of a blacksmith in Essex. From Essex the revolt spread over Norfolk, Suffolk, Sussex, and Surrey, but its strength lay in the 100,000 men of Kent, who marched on London, passing quaint rhymes from man to man, and putting to death every lawyer whom they found. The nobles fled, paralyzed with fear, while the ar- tisans of London flung open the gates of the city. Soon the stately palace of John of Gaunt at the Savoy, the new inn of the lawyers at the Temple, and the houses of the foreign ambassadors were in flames, while a band under Tyler him- self broke into the Tower and dragged out and put to death Archbishop Sud- bury, the Prior of St. John, and the treasurer and chief commissioner in the levy of the hated poll tax. At Mile End, without the city, the young king met the great mass of the peasants, whom he overawed by his fearless demeanor, and induced them to disperse by promising them charters of freedom and amnesty. However, 30,000 remained with Wat Tyler to watch over the fulfillment of the royal pledge, and this body Richard met by chance next morning at Smithfield. In the conference which ensued, William Walworth, the Mayor of London,, exas- perated at the insolence of Tyler, stabbed him with his dagger, and in the scene of confusion which ensued, the king, with great presence of mind, addressed the populace, led them to Islington, ad commanded them to disperse. The death of Tyler paralyzed the people, while Jt revived the courage of the nobility. The king, in violation of his pledge, led an army of 40,000 men through Kent and Essex, and spread terror by the severity of his executions, while in Norfolk and Suffolk the revolt was stamped out with the most ruthless cruelty. TYMPANUM, in anatomy, the drum, middle ear, or middle chamber of the ear; a narrow, irregular cavity in the substance of the temporal bone, placed between the inner end of the external auditory canal and the labyrinth. Its roof is formed by a thin plate of bone, situated on the upper surface of the petrous bone4, its floor is a narrow space, its outer wall is formed mainly by a thin semi-transparent membrane — the mem- brana tynipani — which closes the inner end of the external auditory meatus; its inner wall is uneven, its anterior ex- tremity is narrowed by the gradual de- scent of the roof, and is continued into the Eustachian orifice, and its posterior one has at its upper part a large, and several small openings leading into the mastoid cells. The tympanum receives the atmospheric air from the pharynx through the Eustachian tube, and con- tains a chain of small bones by means of which the vibi-ations communicated from without to the membrana tympani are in part conveyed across the cavity to the sentient part of the internal ear. In machinery, a kind of hollow tread- wheel wherein two or more persons walk, in order to turn it, and thus gave motion to a machine. In music, a hand-drum or tambourine, but covered with parch- ment back and front. It was used in conjunction with various kinds of harps, lyres, and pipes, cymbals of metal, the straight brass trumpet and curved brass horn, the castanets of wood and metal. TYNDALE, WILLIAM, memorable in the history of the English Bible; born in Gloucestershire, England, about 1484; was educated first at Oxford — at Mag- dalen Hall, says unvarying tradition — and graduated B. A. in 1512. In the spring of 1524 he went to Ham- burg, probably made his way thence to Wittenberg, next in the autumn of 1525 to Cologne, and there, with the help of a Franciscan friar named William Roye, and another, began with Quentel in 1525 the printing of his English New Testa- ment in an impression of 3,000 copies in quarto size. This had not proceeded beyond the Gospels of Matthew and Mark when the officious intrigues of