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LEFT YTTSUF 489 YVON Annam, Siam, and Burma; on the W. by Burma; area, 107,969 square miles; pop. about 12,000,000. It is extremely rich in minerals, especially iron and copper, containing also many varieties of precious stones. At least a third of the cultivated land is said to be under the poppy. The inhabitants are for the most part Chinese; but there is a large number of non-Chinese Mohammedans (called by the Burmese Panthays). The chief imports into Yunnan are raw cotton, cotton yarn, and piece goods; opium and tin are the chief ex- ports. In 1869 the Mohammedans rose in rebellion against the Chinese Govern- ment, and succeeded in establishing an independent government, but it lasted only three or four years. By the con- vention of Chefoo in 1876 the establish- ment of commercial relations between British subjects and Yunnan was con- ceded by the Chinese Government. In 1897 an agreement was made be- tween Great Britain and China, supple- menting the Frontier Convention of March, 1894, which laid down a bound- ary between Burma with its dependen- cies and Yunnan and made arrangements for trade, extradition, etc. The ques- tion of access to Yunnan and Szechuen is one of great importance to the com- mercial nations of Europe. The shortest route to Yunnan is through French ter- ritory by the Red river. There are com- peting routes through Burma. A part of .Yunnan is most easilv reached from Bhamo. The Indian railway system is being extended to Kunlong Ferry, on the Sal ween, from which a route to Talifu, and possibly on to Szechuen, may be found practicable. Another route for a railway has been suggested through Chiengmai and northern Siam. More important routes at present are by river up to the Canton or West river, or by the Yang-tze-kiang. By the agreement of Jan. 15, 1896, Great Britain and France agreed to share equally all privi- leges or advantages that might be con- ceded by China in the provinces of Yun- nan and Szechuen. Yunnan, the capital, is in the S. E., and is a busy and prosperous town, with large copper factories, and manufac- tures of silks and carpets. Pop. 200,000. YITSTJP, or YITSSTTF, ABU AMRTT (yos'of), an Arabic historian; born in Cordova, in 976. He was profoundly versed in the traditions of the Oriental Mussulman countries. He wrote: "Be- hedjet-Almodjalisyn," a collection of tales about Mahomet, etc.; "Tamhyd," a commentary on one of the chief Mussul- man works of religious and civil law; "History of the Opinions and Doctrines of the Principal Mussulman Sects"; "History of the Wars Against the Chris- tians"; etc. He died in Xativa, in 1070. YUTHIA. or A"2 0DHYA, the former capital of Siam; 40 miles N. of Bang- kok; is almost encircled by the Meinan, whose fisheries furnish the town its principal employment. The German Mandelslohe in the 15th, and Portuguese Mendez Pinto in the 16th centuries, de- scribe the marvels of this "Venice of the East"; but in 1768 it was razed to the ground by the King of Ava, and of its famous structures there only remains the "Golden Mountain," a neighboring pyramid 400 feet high, with a gilded colossal statue of Buddha. The modern town is the summer residence of many Bangkok merchants, and has an esti- mated population of 40,000, including many Chinese and Burmese. YVERDON ie-var-dong'), or YVER- T>VN, a pleasant Swiss town of 6,800 in- habitants in the Canton de Vaud; at the S. end of the Lake of Neufchatel; 20 miles N. of Lausanne. The old castle, built in 1135, was used by Pestalozzi (q. v.) as an educational institute; and is now occupied by municipal schools, a library, and museum. There is a sul- phur bath less than a mile out of the town. YVETOT (ev-t5'), an old town of France; in the department of Seine- Inferieure; 24 miles N. W. of Rouen, There are manufactures of linen, cotton, calico, and a trade in cattle and agri- cultural produce. The court and jail oc- cupy the site of a Bernardine monastery (1650-1781). Pop. 7,007. The town and territory of Yvetot was long a semi- sovereign principality, and the Lord of Yvetot was popularly styled "King of Yvetot." This singular dignity was for- mally abrogated in 1681, but the people of Yvetot retained some privileges till the Revolution. Pop. about 8,000. Be- ranger's well-known song, "The King of Yvetot" (1812), translated by Thack- eray, was a satire on Napoleon. YVON, CLAUDE (e-v6ng), a French theologian; born in Mamers, France, in 1714. He wrote "Letters to Rousseau" (1763), in answer to Rousseau's letters to the Archbishop of Paris; earlier in life he had been associated with Diderot and the enclyclopedists, and wrote "Lib- erty of Conscience" (1754), in which he held that the state should be indifferent in matters of religion. Other works are: "Agreement of Philosophy and Religion" (1776), and "Philosophical History of Religion" (1779). He died in Paris in 1791.