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LEFT WUNDT 457 WURZBURG raphy and biography to Dr. Smith's "Dictionary of the Bible" (3 vols. 1860- 1863), and made an abridged edition. He edited Bacon's essays (1862), and his "Advancement of Learning" (1869) ; was coeditor with W. Clark, of the "Cambridge Shakespeare" (9 vols. 1863- 1866), and the "Globe Shakespeare" (1 vol. 1864) ; and edited the "Bible Word- Book" (1866), Chaucer's "Clerk's Tale," the "Metrical Chronicle" of Robert of Gloucester, and other works. He died in 1914. WUNDT, WILHELM MAX (vont), a German physiologist and philosopher; bom in Neckarau, Baden, Aug. 16, 1832. He was Professor of Philosophy at Leipsic after 1875. His works include: "Science of Muscular Motion" (1858) ; "Manual of Human Physiology" (4th ed. 1878); "Ethics" (2d ed. 1892); "The Human and the Animal Soul" (2d ed. 1892; in English, 1894); "Logic" (2d ed. 1892-1895) ; "Elements of Plwsiologi- cal Psychology" (4th ed. 1893) ; ^'System of Philosophy" (2d ed. 1897) ; "System of Psychology" (2d ed. 1897; in Eng- lish, 1894) ; etc. As a physiologist he advanced psychology by his work. As a philosopher he introduced the inductive method into sciences previously purely speculative (e. g., logic and ethics), and sought to advance psychology by exact measurements (as of the time needed by a nerve stimulation to reach conscious- ness and become a percept). He died in 1920. wtrUTTEMBERG or wtJUTEM- SERG (viir-tem-berg), a state of the former German empire, between Bavaria, Baden, HohenzoUern, and the Lake of Constance which separates it from Switz- erland; area, 7,533 square miles; pop. about 2,600,000. Except a few tracts in the S. the surface is hilly and even moun- tainous. In the W., the Schwarzwald, or Black Forest, forms part of the bound- ary, and the Alb or Rauhe Alp, forming part of the Franconian Jura, covers an extensive tract. The country belongs in large part to the basin of the Rhine, being drained N. into that river by the Neckar, while the Danube flows across the S. districts. A part of the Lake of Constance is also included in Wiirttem- berg. The climate is decidedly temper- ate. In the lower and more favorable districts the fig and melon ripen in the open air, and the vine, cultivated on an extensive scale, produces several first- class wines; maize, wheat, hops, tobacco, and fruit, which is employed in cider making, are largely cultivated. About a third of the country is under forests, which consist chiefly of oaks, beeches. and pine. Of minerals, by far the most valuable are iron and salt, both of which are worked by the government; the others are limestone, gypsum, alabaster, slate, millstones, and potter's clay. The manufactures consist chiefly of cotton, woolen, and linen goods, paper, wooden clocks, toys, musical instruments, and chemical products. The government be- fore the World War was a hereditary constitutional monarchy, the executive power being lodged in the sovereign, and the legislative jointly in the sovereign and a Parliament, composed of an upper and a lower chamber. In November, 1918, the State was proclaimed a repub- lic. Its new constitution dates from September, 1919, and vests the supreme power in the Landtag of 101 elected members. The total revenue for the year ending March 31, 1920, was estimated at about $43,000,000, the expenditures at about $50,000,000, and, in 1918, the prin- cipal of the public debt was estimated to amount to about $170,000,000. In the Bundesrath Wiirttemberg was, before the war, represented by four members, and in the Reichstag by 17. There is no exclusively established religion. Educa- tion is generally diffused; the center of the educational system is the University of Tubingen, which in the winter half- year 1914-1915 had 128 professors and teachers, and 2,056 students in theology, jurisprudence, medicine, and philosophy. Besides Stuttgart (the capital), the chief towns are Ulm, Heilbi'onn, and Ess- lingen. The history of the state is of little general interest. Previous to the Na- poleonic era the rulers had the title of duke, but in 1806, by the favor of Na- poleon, the then duke gained a great accession of territory, as well as the title of king. In the subsequent arrangement of the European states by the Congress of Vienna the territorial accessions were confirmed and the kingly title formally recognized. In the war of 1866 Wiirt- temberg sided with Austria against Prussia. It became a member of the German empire on its foundation in 1871. See Germany. WURZBURG (viirts'borG), a town in the N. W. of Bavaria, Gei'many; on the Main; 60 miles S. E. of Frankfort. Its old fortifications have been demolished, and the site laid out in fine promenades, but it is still overlooked by the fortress of Marienberg, on a lofty hill outside the city. The most important edifices are the Romanesque cathedral, erected in the 10th century, with an interior highly en- riched but much deteriorated by plaster decoration of the 18th century; the uni- versity, with various new buildings; the