Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 10.djvu/471

LEFT WOLFE 401 WOLFRAM siege, and he became popularly known as the "Hero of Louisburg." Pitt was now organizing his grand scheme for expelling the French from Canada; he sought for merit wherever it was to be found; and the expedition which had for its object the capture of Quebec, the enemy's capital, he confided to Wolfe's command, allowing him, as far as possible, a carte blanche in the choice of his subordinate officers. Ad- vanced to the rank of Major-General, and commanding 9,000 men, Wolfe sailed from England on Feb. 17, 1759, and or June 26 landed his forces on the Isle of Orleans, opposite Quebec. The system of defense adopted by his adversary, the skillful and wary Montcalm, was such as to offer no point of advantage. The sea- son wore fast away during which opera- tions could be continued ; but at last, hav- ing dropped down the river, and scaled the cliffs at a point insufficiently guarded — a feat of such frightful risk as in war has scarcely a parallel — at daybreak of Sept. 13, Wolfe found himself on the MAJOR-GENERAL JAMES WOLFE Plains of Abraham, where, his supplies thus cut off, Montcalm had no choice but to give battle. After a short struggle the French were driven from the field in complete rout; Montcalm was one of 500 killed; the capitulation of Quebec fol- lowed five days after and its fall decided the fate of Canada. Wolfe died in the hours of victory, Sept. 13, 1759. In per- son he led the right, till thrice wounded, he was carried to the rear. He lived to hear the cry, "They run; see how they run!" and expired with the words, "Now God be praised, I will die in peace." His body was taken home and buried in Greenwich church, and a monument was erected to him in Westminster Abbey. WOLFENBUTTEL, an old town of Brunswick, Germany; on the Oker; 7 miles S. of Brunswick. One of the old churches contains many of the tombs of the princes of Brunswick. The old castle now accommodates a seminary for teachers and a theater. The library op- posite, built in 1723 in the form of the Pantheon at Rome, became famous for its literary wealth and for the fact that Lessing was its librarian. It was Lessing who edited the "Wolfenbiittel Frag- ments," professedly from anonymous MSS. under his charge, but really from the pen of his friend Reimarus, which startled the theological world of Ger- many. The Pantheon building had be- come so rickety and dangerous that it had to be taken down, being superseded in 1887 by a handsome new edifice. There are in the town manufactures of copper goods, flax, cloth, cork, leathei", preserves, tobacco, etc. The place is very ancient, and dates from 1046 ; it was besieged and taken in 1193 and 1542: and during the Thirty Years' War a bat- tle was fought here. Pop. about 20,000. WOLFHOUND, or BORZOI, a breed of dog first imported in numbers into England from Russia, about the year 1885. In shape the borzoi is like a gigantic greyhound, though covered with a soft coat about the length of a deer- hound's. In Great Britain the breed has become very popular owing to the pecu- liar grace and beauty of the borzoi. Though supposed to be able to attack and kill a wolf, in disposition and ap- pearance the Russian wolfhound is so excessively gentle that doubts have been cast on his powers. In recent trials with wolves in America the borzoi failed signally to accomplish the purpose for which he is intended. The Irish wolf- hound was identical in shape and ap- pearance with the Scottish deerhound. Attempts have lately been made to re- vive the breed, but it is admitted that pure specimens are no longer obtainable. WOLFRAM, WOLFRAMtNE, or WOLFRAMITE, a mineral occurring mostly in tin-producing districts, some- times in abundance, to the detriment of the tin ores. Crystallization, orthorhom- bic, but usually found lamellar, massive. Hardness, 5-5.5; sp. gr., 7.1-7.55; luster, submetallic; color and streak, reddish- brown to black, opaque. Composition: A tungstate of iron and manganese, the proportions of which are variable, and lead to differing formulae, though most can be represented by 2FeOWO» -f 3MnOWO., or 4FeW0, -f MnOWO*