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LEFT WINEBRENNEB 388 WING barrels and allowed to ferment in a cel- lar or other temperate place. Black grapes, which are to yield red wine are crushed, put into vats, juice, husks, and all, and allowed to ferment till the wine is completed, and has extracted the col- oring matter. The wine is then drawn off, the murk pressed, and the united products put into barrels. The process of fermentation, on which the peculiar property of the extracted liquor depends, proceeds spontaneously after the grapes have been crushed and the liquor ex- tracted, and its action is to convert the sugar contained in the fruit into alcohol and carbonic acid. Effervescent wines, such as champagne, are bottled, before the fermentation is quite complete, and in that way a portion of the carbonic acid which would otherwise have escaped is forcibly retained and dissolved in the wine. The amount of alcohol contained in the wine varies in different sorts. In the stronger ports and sherries it amounts to from 16 to 25 per cent.; in hock, claret, and other light wines from 7 per cent. The greater part of the wines having more than 13 per cent, of alcohol (i. e., 26 degrees of proof spirit) may be assumed to be brandied or fortified with spirit. The obscure process of fermentation, by which the sugar of grape juice is changed into alcohol, has been the sub- ject of a vast amount of investigation by many eminent investigators, the last and greatest of whom is Pasteur, who published a most valuable work, "Studies of the Vine" (2d ed. 1873). The change is induced by a minute fungoid organism, Mycoderma vini, and chemically it con- sists in transforming 105.4 parts of grape sugar (glucose) into alcohol 51.1 parts, carbonic acid 49.4, succinic acid 0-7, glycerine 3.2, and yeast matter 1.0. With these there are also developed minute portions of fusel oil and ether, to which is due the aroma or bouquet of the wine. These ethers develop and interact while the wine is maturing, and proper preservation of wine is a matter of the utmost importance. Other changes also occur during ripening. The acid tartrate of potash contained in the juice separates and forms a crust of argol; and fre- quently, especially with light wines, acid fermentation ensues, and the wine be- comes sour. The acid fermentation is caused by a fungus, Mycodo'via aceti, or by oxidation of alcohol by exposure. Other diseases of wine are due to para- sitic and other growths, which have been traced by Pasteur. WINEBRENNEB, JOHN, an Ameri- can clergyman; bom in Frederick co., Md., March 24, 1797; was ordained in the German Reformed Church in 1820; and in the same year was called to the Salem Church in Harrisburg, Pa. He re- tained his connection with that charge till 1827, when, owing to his religious views on temperance and slavery, he was asked to withdraw; and in 1828 his con- nection with the Reformed Church ceased by action of the synod. In October, 1830, he established a new denomination under the name of the "Church of God," whose members became known as Winebren- nerians. Subsequently he edited the "GoSpel Publisher" (afterward the "Church Advocate") ; issued "The His- tory of all the Religious Denominations in the United States"; published the "Pronouncing Testament and Gazetteer of the Church of God"; "A Treatise on Regeneration"; "Practical and Doctrinal Sermons"; etc., and compiled the "Church Hymn Book." He died in Harrisburg, Pa., Sept. 12, 1860. WINES, FREDERICK HOWARD, an American statistician; born in Philadel- phia, Pa., April 9, 1838; was graduated at Washington College, Pa., in 1857, and at Princeton Theological Seminary in 1865; was a chaplain in the Union army in 1862-1864; pastor of the First Pres- byterian Church, Springfield, 111., in 1865-1869; became secretary of the Illi- nois State Board of Commissioners of Public Charities in 1869, and its presi- dent in 1893. He was made assistant di- rector of the United States census in 1899. His publications include "Defec- tive, Dependent, and Delinquent Classes in the United States" (10th Census) ; "Crime, Pauperism, and Benevolence in the United States" (11th Census) ; "Pun- ishment and Reformation" (1895) ; "Liquor Problem in Its Legislative As- pects"; etc. He died in 1912. WINFIELD, a city and county-seat of Cowley CO., Kan.; on the Walnut river, and on the Missouri Pacific, the St. Louis and San Francisco, and the Atchison, To- peka, and Santa Fe railroads, 40 miles S. E. of Wichita. It contains Southwest Kansas College (M. E.), St. John's Col- lege (Luth.), high school, the Kansas State Institution for the Feeble-minded, waterworks, street railroads, Winfield Chautauqua Assembly occupying Island Park, National banks, and daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. It has machine shops, flour mills, etc., but the chief in- dustry is farming. Pop. (1910) 6,700; (1920) 7,933. WING, one of those organs in animals by which flight is effected. In their most typical development, as seen in birds, wings consist of the bones of the fore limbs, specially modified to form a sup- port and axis, while attached to this