Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 10.djvu/44

LEFT TUCSON 28 TUDOB STYLE Dec. 7, 1817; wr»s graduated at Union College in 1837 and at the Harvard Law School in 1839; studied for several years in Europe ; returning to the United States in 1842 he accompanied Asa Gray to the White Mountains on a bo- tanical expedition; was instructor in history at Amherst College in 1854-1873 and Professor of Botany there in 1858- 1886. He was the foremost authority on lichenology in the United States. His publications include: "Genera Lichen- um: An Arrangement of North Ameri- can Lichens" (1872) ; "A Catalogue of Plants Growing Without Cultivation Within Thirty Miles of Amherst Col- lege" (1882) ; and "A Synopsis of the North American Lichens" (1882). He died in Amherst, Mass., March 15, 1886. TUCSON, a city and county-seat of Pima CO., Ariz.; on the Santa Cruz river, and on the Southern Pacific and the El Paso and Southwestern i-ailroads; 250^ miles E. of Yuma. Here are the University of Arizona, the Institute of St. Joseph, a high school, several libra- ries, court house, hospital, convent, Na- tional banks, and daily and weekly news- papers. It is in the heart of a large farming, stock-raising and mining sec- tion; has a valuable trade in hides, wool, precious metals. The place was first settled by Jesuit missionaries in 1760. Prior to that year it had been an Indian towTi. In 1867-1877 it was the capital of the territory of Arizona. The United States Signal Station here is 2,404 feet above sea-level. Pop. (1910) 13,193; (1920) 20,292. TUCUM, a species of palm Astro- caryum vulgare, of great importance to tha Brazilian Indians, who make cor- dage, bowstrings, fishing nets, etc., from the fine durable fiber consisting of the epidermis of its unexpanded leaves. The name is also given to the fiber or thread, and to an oil obtained from the plant. TUCUMAN, a city and capital of a province of the same name in the Ar- gentine Republic; on the Rio Sali, 3 miles from the mountains and 723 miles N. W. of Buenos Asrres, contains some handsome public and private buildings, a normal school, and several saw and flour mills and breweries, and manufac- tures sugar, leather, and brandy. In the neighborhood are orange groves, sugar plantations, and distilleries. Tu- cuman was founded in 1564; and here in 1812 Belgrano defeated the Spanish forces, and in 1816 a congress of depu- ties from the various provinces pro- claimed the independence of the La Plata states. Pop. about 100,000. The area of the province is 10,422 square miles; pop. about 350,000. TUDOR, the name of one of the royal families of England allied to the race of Plantagenets. The line embraced five sovereigns, and commenced in 1485 vsdth Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, the grandson of Sir Owen Tudor, a Welsh knight of distinction, by his wife, the widow of Henry V, and who, after the battle of Bosworth Field, was pro- claimed king by the title of Henry VII.; from him the crown descended to his son Henry VIII., whose son Edward YI. succeeded, and after him his two sisters, Mary and Elizabeth; the Tudor dynasty expiring with the death of the latter in 1603, the house of Stuart succeeding. TUDOR STYLE, in architecture, a term applied to the Perpendicular style, from the fact that it attained its great- est development under Henry VII., the first of the Tudor line. The chapel which that monarch erected at Westminster is a famous specimen of this style. The term is applied specifically to late Per- pendicular work. There are three phases of, or developments from, the Perpen- dicular : (1) The Early Tudor, from the reign of Edward IV. to that of Henry VII. inclusive. Of this style there are no perfect buildings, and only few traces remaining. The Palace of Shene, built by Henry VII., has totally disappeared; but, according to the Survey of 1649, it abounded with bay windows of capri- cious design, with rectangular and semi- circular projections, and was adorned with many octagonal towers, sur- mounted with bulbous cupolas of the same plan, having their angles enriched with crockets. (2) Tudor, in vogue during the reign of Henry VIII. The plan of the larger mansions of this period was quadrangu- lar, comprising an inner and base court, between which stood the gate house. On the side of the inner court facing the entrance were the great chamber, or room of assembly, the hall, the chapel, the gallery for amusements, on an up- per story, running the whole length of the principal side of the quadrangle, and the summer and winter parlors. The materials were either brick or stone, sometimes both combined. Molded brickwork and terra-cotta were also em- ployed for decorative purposes. Among the more striking peculiarities were the gate houses, the numerous turrets and ornamental chimneys, the large and beautiful bay and oriel windows, ham^ mer beam roofs, and paneled wainscot- ing round the apartments. (3) Late Tudor, or Elizabethan.