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LEFT wiLr. 369 WILLARD effect by such his signature to the writ- ing signed as his will. In general, all persons who have sufficient understand- ing are capable of disposing by will of both real and personal estate. The age at which persons may make wills varies from 21 to 14; sometimes only personal property may be bequeathed by persons of 18 or under. There are certain re- strictions, varying in different States, upon a married woman's testamentary capacity. Lunatics, idiots, persons under undue influence, or under duress, are in- capable to execute a will. A will is a revocable instrument, and is revoked by marriage either in the case of a man or woman, but it is not revoked by any other change of circumstances. It may, however, be revoked by another will or codicil subsequently executed, or by a writing declaring the intention to revoke, or by burning, tearing, or other- wise destroying the will with the inten- tion to revoke it. A revoked will may be revived by re-execution, or by a codicil showing an intention to revive it. No obliteration, interlineation, or any other alteration in a will, is valid, except so far as the words or effect of the will be- fore the alteration shall not be apparent unless with such alteration. But if the signature of the testator and subscribing witnesses be made in the margin opposite or near the alteration, or at the foot or end, referring to the alteration, it will be valid. A will takes effect as if executed immediately before the testator's death, unless the contrary intention be shown by the will; and lapsed and void devices fall into the residue of the estate. WILL, a mental phenomenon of which there are recognized three orders or classes: Cognition, feeling, and will. The first includes all the ways in which facts and relations become known; the second refers to the way in which the mind is affected as regards pleasure and pain; to the third, or will, belong all those mental states in which the mind or sub- ject is regarded as producing changes either in the state of mind itself or in its bodily environment. The movements thus produced are called voluntary, and the mental acts producing them voli- tions. The term will may thus be said to refer to the active side of mind. WILLAMETTE RIVER, a river in Oregon, rises in Lane county, and flows into Columbia river, 8 miles below Fort Vancouver, after a N. N. W. course of 200 miles, of which it is navigable for large vessels 15 miles to Portland, and above the falls for small steamboats about 60 miles. The valley of the Wil- lamette is very fertile and picturesque, and often styled the "Garden of Oregon." WILLAMETTE UNIVERSITY, a co- educational institution in Salem, Ore.; founded in 1844, under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church; re- ported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 15; students, 318; presi- dent. Rev. C. G. Doney, Ph. D. WILLARD, DANIEL, an American railway official, born at North Hartland, Vt., in 1861. He was educated at the Windsor (Vt.) High School and at the Massachusetts Agricultural College. In 1879 he entered the railway service, occupying various offices with different railway companies until 1899. From 1899 to 1901 he was assistant general manager of the B, & O. railroad; from 1901 to 1904, assistant to the president; and later 3d and 1st vice-president and general manager of the Erie railroad; from 1904 to 1910, 2d vice-president of the C. B. & Q. railroad; and since 1910, president of the B. & 0. railroad. In 1914 he became a member of the board of trustees of Johns Hopkins University. During the World War he served as a member and later as the chairman of the Ad'isory Commission of the Council of National Defense, becoming, in Novem- ber 1917, chairman of the War Indus- tries Board, which ©ffice he resigned in 1918. WILLARD, EMMA (HART), an American educator; born in Berlin, Conn., Feb. 23, 1787. She did much for bettering the education of women. Her books, educational and general, include: "A Plan for Improving Female Educa- tion" (1819) ; "A History of the United States" (1828) ; "Poems" (1830) ; con- taining the popular song "Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep"; "Journal and Let- ters from France and Great Britain" (1833) : "Universal History" (1835) ; "Respiration and Its Effects"; and "Morals for the Young" (1857). She died in Troy, N. Y., April 15, 1870. WILLARD, FRANCES ELIZABETH, an American temperance reformer; born in Churchville, near Rochester, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1839. Her early education was received at Oberlin College, and her parents removing to Illinois she was graduated at the Northwestern Female College at Evanston, 111., in 1859. After some years spent in teaching she became Professor of Esthetics in the Northwest- ern University, and was made dean of the Women's College in February, 1871. She began her active temperance work in 1874, and was made secretary of the National Woman's Christian Tem- perance Union. In 1879 she was made president of that organization and held the office till her death. She was chosen