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LEFT WARBEN 295 WARSAW WARREN, WHITNEY, an American architect. He studied at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, and began the prac- tice of architecture in New York. He established the firm of Warren and Wet- more. He was awarded the silver medal at the Paris Exposition for excellence in sculptural work. During the World War he spent much time in France and Italy in relief work, and made a careful examination and report on the condition of the Rheims Cathedral. In 1921 he was given the commission of rebuilding the library of Louvain, which was burned by the Germans during the in- vasion of Belgium in 1914. WARRINGTON, a municipal and parliamentary borough and manufac- turing town of Lancashire, England, on the right bank of the Mersey, 18 miles E. of Liverpool, 16 W. S. W. of Man- chester, and 182 N. W. of London. Though of recent development, it is an ancient place, the Wallingtun of Domes- day; and, acquiring strategic impor- tj.nr.9 through its bridge (1496) over tne Mersey, it was the scene of defeats of the Scots (1648), the Royalists (1651), and a portion of Prince Charles Edward's forces (1745). To a dissent- ing academy, founded in 1757, it owes its memories of Drs. Aikin, Priestley, Tay- lor, etc; and Lucy Aikin was a native. The parish church, St. Elphin's, with a spire 300 feet high, is a fine cruciform Decorated structure, restored in 1859- 1867 at a cost of over $75,000. Other buildings are the town hall, the Royal Court theater (1862), postoffice (1876), hospital (1876), museum and library (1857), school of art (1882), public baths (1866), grammar school (1526; rebuilt 1857), etc. There are also public gardens and a park. The manufactures include iron, wire, pins, files, cottons, glass, leather, and soap. Pop. about 75,000. WAR RISK, a name given by insur- ance men to policies written on property obnoxious to destruction or damage by reason of a war then being waged; ap- plied generally to marine insurance. WAR RISK INSURANCE. Following its entrance in the World War, the United States undertook to perfect plans for the insurance of soldiers. Such a plan was finally adopted on October 6, 1917. This provided compensation and insurance for soldiers. By the terms of the measure, which provided for insurance, any person, male or female, in active military service, might take out insurance in multiples of $500 for any sum between $1,000 and $10,000. By March 15, 1918, over 1,500,000 per- sons in the army and navy had been iiv sured for over $12,000,000,000, and by the end of the year, over 4,000,000 per- sons had been insured, for about $37,000.- 000,000. Up to May, 1919, death awards for insurance amounting to $785,613,500 had been paid to 102,286 beneficiaries. In addition to the life insurance phase of the war risk plan, there were com- pensation and disability benefits, rang- ing in amounts from $1,000 to $10,000. Practically 95 per cent, of the personnel of the army and navy and nursing corps, with an average figure of $8,700, had taken out insurance. Arrange- ments were made following the close of the war for the transference of these premiums for regular life insurance premiums of different kinds. WARSAW, a city of Poland ; formerly the capital of the Polish kingdom ; under Russian rule the capital of the govern- ment of Warsaw; and since November, 1918, the capital of the Polish Republic and the seat of its government; situ- ated on the Vistula, being connected with Praga, its fortified suburb, by a floating bridge. Warsaw consists of an old and new town,^ independent of its suburbs; the place is one of great antiquity and many of its ancient houses and streets are quaint and picturesque; the new town contains some attractive boulevards and handsome buildings, squares and parks. The chief edifices are the council house, a collegiate church, the barracks, Tamek or palace of the ancient kings, now used to house government offices, and containing the diet hall, and all the national archives; several statues, some private palaces of the nobility, with the castle and an equestrian statue of Sobieski. The manufactures are woolen stuffs, soap, tobacco, gold and silver wire, hats, hosiery, paper, chemicals, carriages, hai-ness, etc. It is the center of industry, commerce, and literary ac- tivity, and the great entrepot of com- merce of Poland. The university, sup- pressed by the Emperor Nicholas after the insurrection of 1830, was subsequent- ly re-established through the influence of the Grand-Duke Constantine. In 1566 Warsaw succeeded Cracow as the capital of Poland. In 1793 Kosciusko retreated on Warsaw, and defended it with suc- cess against the Prussians, during the summer of 1794; but, on the arrival of Suwarrow and the Russians, Praga, a suburb of the city, was taken and de- stroyed. Under Russian rule Warsaw was for many years the residence of a viceroy representing the Emperor of Russia; it was also the place of meet- ing of the Polish parliament. In 1830 the Russians were driven from it by the