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LEFT VULTUBE 260 VYATKA. the court theater at Weimar. He pub- lished: "Rinaldo Rinaldini" (1797), a robber romance; "Dramatic Histories of Former Times"; and a number of dra- matic works. He was subsequently first li- brarian and overseer of the cabinet of coins at Weimar. He died in Weimar, June 26, 1827. VULTURE, any member of the family Vulturidm included among the birds of prey in the sub-order Falcones. By some naturalists the family is sub-divided into the Old-World vultures (Vulhii'inx) and the New-World vultures {Sarcwhamphi- nse), while by others the latter, which are distinguished by a perforated nostril and the absence of an "after-shaft" to the feathers, are regarded as a distinct family, Cathartidse. In all the vultures the head and neck are more or less bare, the beak is long and curved only at the tip ; the legs and feet are large and pow- erful, but the toes and claws are rela- tively weak. They are thus well-adapted for walking and feeding on the ground, but are unable to carry off thnir prey like the eagles and hawks. The wings are very strong, and their powers of swift and sustained flight are remark- able. Vultures are widely distributed throughout temperate and tropical re- gions, and the general habits of the va- rious species are very similar, though they differ greatly in their choice of haunts. Thus one species frequents the rocky peaks of the Alps and another sweeps over the great plains of Africa; the king vulture dwells alone with his mate in the densest parts of the South American forests, while Pharaoh's chick- ens pick up a living as street scavengers in the towns of the East. The chief food of the vultures is car- rion; they rarely attack any living ani- mal unless under great stress of hunger, when a wounded or feeble lamb or hare is sometimes killed. There has been much discussion as to whether vultures scent or sight their prey, but experi- ment has shown, apparently conclusively, that their sense of smell is not unusually acute, and they rely chiefly on their ex- treme keenness of vision, while the sud- den descent of one bird serves as a signal to many others. When a carcass is dis- covered by one, others arrive quickly on the scene from all points of the compass, though none may have been visible a few minutes before. Tearing off the skin with their powerful beaks they gorge themselves greedily on the flesh and en- trails till nothing is left but the skull and larger bones. Smaller birds only venture to look on and watch the stray morsels which may be let fall, but in the neighborhood of towns the vulture's claim is sometimes — not often successfully — < disputed by wandering dogs. After a full meal vultures may remain without food for many days. The young birds, which are carefully tended for several months, are fed by regurgitation of food from the crop of the parents. One of the commonest European spe- cies is the griffin vulture (Gyps fulvus), which occurs in Spain, among the Alps, and in the Mediterranean region gen- erally. It makes a rough nest of branches and grasses, usually in a cavity or on a ledge of an almost inaccessible cliff. One or at most two eggs are laid early in March, and the parents share the labor of rearing and tending the young. The adult bird measures 3% feet in length; the general color is light brown with black markings, and there is a white ruff on the lower part of the neck. The eared vulture {Otogyps auricularis), an inhab- itant of Africa, received its name from folds of skin on the head resembling ear- lappets. The Egyptian vulture (Neo- phron percnopterus) is often called Pha- raoh's chicken from its frequent occur- rence in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, where it is used as an emblem of parental love. It is very common throughout northern Africa and Persia, and breeds frequently in the S. of Europe. More than one specimen has been killed in England. The Egyptian vulture is raven-like in form; its wings are pointed, its bill slender, and half covered with a naked cere. The adult bird is little over 2 feet in length; its plumage is white with black wing-feathers. The young birds are dark brown. VYASA ("the distributor or ar- ranger"), the traditionary author of the Vedas, the Mahabharata, the Puranas — in fact, of nearly all ancient Sanskrit re- ligious literature. It is evident that in this name is mythically embodied the his- torical fact that these works at some period underwent a regular and authori- tative recension. It merits notice that the Greek name of Homer is capable of being analyzed with a similar result. VYATKA, or VIATKA, a large prov- ince in European Russia; area, 59,329 square miles; pop. about 3,700,000, com- prising many Tartar tribes and some 50,000 Mohammedans. The products are corn, rye, barley, oats, flax, and hemp. Forests of fir, oak, elm and birch are ex- tensive. Before the World War it had manufactures of woolens, linens, potash, leather, copper, firearms, anchors, gun carriages, etc. The capital, of the same name, is a well-built town, containing 17 churches and a cathedral with an altar of solid silver, and is the commercial center of the province.