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LEFT VIZAGAPATAM 241 VIZIANAGRAM French veterinary schools. By biologists the term is extended to include the per- formance of all scientific experiments of a kind calculated to inflict pain on living animals, and having for their object the investigation of the laws which govern life, the processes of disease, the action of heat and cold, poisons and therapeutic remedies. The practice appears to have been introduced by the Alexandrian school in the 4th century b. c. ; and to this practice we owe, among many other benefits, the discovery of the circulation of the blood by Harvey; the treatment of aneurism by ligatures by Hunter; the distinction of the sensory and motor nerves by Bell; the introduction of chloroform; and the improved treatment of cerebral diseases which resulted from the researches of Brown-Sequard and Bei'nard. Among the chief investigators by this method of research at the present day are Burdon-Sanderson, Greenfeld, and Klein, in England; Pasteur in France, and Koch in Germany. Vivisection has met with vigorous and organized opposition in Europe as well as in the United States, where bills have been brought before various legislatures for the restriction or abolition of the practice. On Feb. 21, 1900, a Senate Committee gave a hearing in Washing- ton, on a bill "For the Further Preven- tion of Cruelty to Animals in the Dis- trict of Columbia," prominent profession- al men and officials appearing on both sides. The proceedings were afterward published. President Eliot of Harvard is one of the leading advocates of vivi- section in the United States, basing his arguments on the great advance made by its means in medical science in recent years. He objects, however, to its use in secondary schools or before college classes for the purpose of demonstration only. In England, the passage of the "Cruelty to Animals Act" of 1876 legal- ized vivisection with restrictions accord- ing to which it must be performed under license, the only experiments allowed without anaesthetics being such as inflict no pain greater than the prick of a needle. The "London Anti-Vivisection Society," founded in 1876, has worked actively for the abolition of the legaliz- ing act. A similar society exists also in the United States and a number of other countries. VIZAGAPATAM, the chief town of the district of the same name, in Madras presidency, British India; on the sea- coast; 380 miles N. E. of Madras. It stands at the head of a bay, on a small river, and carries on a large coasting trade. One of the points of the bay, called the Dolphin's Nose, rises 1,500 feet above the sea. A British factory was settled there in the middle of the 17th century. There are special manufac- tures of cotton cloth, gold and silver em- broidery, silver, ivory and horn orna- ments. The exports are chiefly piece goods, oil seeds, and sugar. Pop. about 45,000. The district of Vizagapatam oc- cupies the strip below the Eastern Ghauts S. of Ganjam and the wild hill country behind; area, 18,344 square miles. The hills rise to the height of 5,- 000 feet. The crops are rice, oil seeds, sugar cane and tobacco. Sugar is exten- sively manufactured under European su- perintendence. This tract formed one of the northern Circars occupied by the British in 1767, and includes the semi- independent states of the Jeypur agency. VIZETELLY, HENRY RICHARD, an English publisher; born in London, July 30, 1820. He was the first publisher to introduce to English readers "Uncle Tom's Cabin," and the works of Poe, Tol- stoi, and Zola, being prosecuted and im- prisoned for bringing out the novels of the French realist. In 1843 he founded the "Pictorial Times," one of the pioneer journals of the British pictorial press. He acted as Paris correspondent of the "Illustrated London News" (1866-1876), and represented the government at for- eign expositions. His earliest work, "The Story of the Diamond Necklace" (1867), a sketch of the Countess de la Motte, was followed by a translation of Topin's "Man With the Iron Mask" (1879) ; "Berlin Under the New Em- pire" (1879); "Paris in Peril" (1882), a vivid account of the siege of 1870-1871 ; "A History of Champagne," a mono- gi'aph on wines; "Glances Back Through Seventy Years" (1893). He died in Til- ford, near Farnham, England, in 1894. VIZEU, a town of Portugal, in a dis- trict of the same name, province of Beira; 50 miles N. N. E. of Coimbra. It is old, irregularly built on a hill, and contains a cathedral with fine paintings, also a college, hospital and theater. There are two large squares, in one of which a great market is held in Septem- ber. Among many Roman and Moorish remains is a Roman camp, the Cava de Viriatho, where Junius Brutus was de- feated by Viriathus. Pop. 7,000. VIZIANAGRAM, a town in the dis- trict of Vizagapatam, Madras presi- dency, British India; 35 miles N. of Vizagapatam, and 12 miles from the sea-coast. In the fort is the palace of the Rajah of Vizianagram, a Rajput family which figures largely in the early history of the British in Madras. Pop. about 40,000.