Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 10.djvu/264

LEFT VINEGAR BIBLE 226 VINLAND several weeks or even months, when the contents of the barrels are emptied into two large tuns having false bottoms, over which the pressed cake from making currant wine, etc., is strewed. One of the tanks is filled entirely, but the second is only three-fourths filled. Here the acetous fermentation proceeds vigorously, and when the vinegar is ready a portion is drawn from the second (unfilled) tun. The quantity withdrawn is made up from the full tun, and it again is filled up from the barrels. In this way the man- ufacture goes on progressively. The old or slow method of vinegar making is a system requiring extensive premises and plant, and to a large extent it is now sup- planted by the new or quick process. The principle on which the various quick methods in operation depend con- sists in exposing the alcoholic solution at a favorable temperature in the most in- timate manner to the action of the at- mosphere. The solution is made to trickle drop by drop through one or more col- umns containing beech shavings or other means of fully exposing the fluid to the air, and as it descends it meets a cur- rent of air ascending. In this way rapid and complete oxidation is promoted. Vin- egar on domestic scale is prepared from saccharine solutions to which the vinegar fungus Mycoderma aceti is added, the solution being covered up and kept in a warm place till the acetification is com- plete. The use of vinegar in the manu- facture of pickles, the preparation of salads, and of acid beverages, as well as directly as a sauce with animal food, is very extensive. It is also an important substance in medicine, both for internal and external use, and its pungency com- bines in a very refreshing manner with various perfumes for toilet purposes. Vinegar is a valuable aid to the digestion of the hard fibrinous and albuminous constituents of food. The qualities of vinegar depend principally on the source whence it is obtained, the best being- wine vinegar, after which comes that prepared from pure malt. Inferior vine- gar is frequently contaminated with sul- phuric acid, of which by law one part per thousand is permitted to be present vdthout being counted an adulteration. VINEGAR BIBLE, a Bible printed 1717 at the Clarendon Press in Oxford. So named because in the running head- line of Luke xxii. vineyard was mis- printed vinegar. VINELAND, a borough in Cumber- land CO., N. J.; on the West Jersey and the Central of New Jersey railroads; 12 miles E. of Bridgeton. It is built on a level and sandy tract in a notable fruit- growing region. Here are numerous churches, hotels, a high school, public library. National and State banks, and several daily, weekly and monthly pe- riodicals. The borough has machine shops, flour mills, and manufactories of shoes, carriages, fruit crates, buttons, gloves, clothing, paper boxes, linoleum, chenille curtains, carriages, plows and Smyrna rugs. Pop. (1910) 5,282; (1920) 6,779. VINET, ALEXANDRE RODOLPHE, a Swiss theologian; born in the Vaud, Switzerland, June 17, 1797. In 1817 he was appointed Professor of the French Language and Literature at the Basel Gymnasium, in 1835 at the Basel Univer- sity, and in 1837 accepted the chair of theology in the academy at Lausanne. In 1840 he seceded from the National Church, maintaining that there should be no connection between Church and State. His views on this subject were enforced in his "Essay on the Manifestation of Religious Convictions, and on the Sepa- ration of Church and State" (1842). In 1845 he gave up his chair. He was an earnest and eloquent preacher, and wrote "History of French Literature in the 18th Century"; "Studies of French Lit- erature in the 19th Ce^^tury"; etc. He died in Clarens, on Lake Geneva, May 4, 1847. VINGT-ET-UN, a game of cards, the aim in which is to get as near as pos- sible to the value of 21 (hence the name) without exceeding it. The game is played with the whole pack, the ordinary cards being reckoned according to the number of pips on them, while the court-cards are 10 and the ace is 1 or 11, as the holder may elect. VINLAND, the name given to the chief settlement of the early Norsemen in North America. It is undoubtedly represented in modern times by part of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The first that saw it was Bjarne Herjulfson, who was driven thither by a storm in the summer of A. D. 986, when making a voyage from Iceland to Greenland, of which country his father, Herjuli, and Eric the Red, were the earliest colonists. But Bjarne did not touch the land, which was first visited by Leif the Lucky, a son of Eric the Red, about A. D. 1000. One part of the country he named Hellu- land ("Stoneland") ; another Markland ("Woodland"), the modern Newfound- land and Nova Scotia; a German in his company having found the grape (most probably the Vitus vulpina) growing wild, as in his native country, Leif called the region Vinland. The natives from their dwarfish size they called skraelings. Two years after Leif's brother, Thor- wald, arrived, and in the summer of