Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 10.djvu/254

LEFT VIENNA 216 VIENNE, HAUTE represented Britain; Metternich was Austrian plenipotentiary; Talleyrand se- cured a hearing for France; Spain, Por- tugal, Sweden, Denmark, Rome, and the minor German states were also repre- sented. The chief final outcome was that Austria obtained Lombardy, Venetia, Illyria, Dalmatia, Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Salzburg, and east Galicia; Prussia the province of Saxony, Posen, Swedish Pomerania, Westphalia, and the Rhenish province; Hanover, extended in area and made a kingdom, fell to the Hanoverian dynasty in Great Britain; Great Brit- ain secured Malta, Heligoland, Cape Colony, and Mauritius, and the pro- tectorate of the Ionian Islands; Bel- gium and Holland were united as the kingdom of the Netherlands; Norway was confirmed to Sweden; the duchy of Warsaw (Poland) was made over to Russia, and the republic of Cracow was constituted; the neutrality of Switzer- land was guaranteed, and Neuchatel (under Prussian sovereignty) added to the confederation; the German confed- eration was constituted with numerous internal rearrangements; and the former ruling houses were reinstated in Naples, Sardinia (to which Genoa was annexed), Tuscany, and Modena, Parma being given to the ex-Empress Maria Louisa; the papal See recovered nearly all its possessions; and France was restricted to very nearly the territory it possessed before the Revolution. The signing of the treaty, June 9, was hastened by the news of Napoleon's return from Elba. Pop. about 2,000,000. On the establishment of the republic of Austria, Vienna became its capital. The conditions brought about by the position of the Empire, and the practical isolation of Austria from other coun- tries, placed Vienna in a deplorable eco- nomic and political situation. The city had hitherto drawn its prosperity from countries which formerly formed a part of the Austro-Hungarian empire, or from those which bordered on it. The establishment of new governments, in- dependent of Austria, and largely hos- tile to it, cut off Vienna from the com- mercial advantages which it formerly en- joyed. These conditions brought about the almost complete stagnation of com- mercial and industrial life. During 1919, 1920, and 1921, the greater part of the people of the city were reduced to the greatest extremities, in spite of efforts at relief by the United States and other countries. The population decreased greatly and the problem of the future of the city was one which it seemed im possible to solve. VIENNA BASIN, in geology, a series of beds — the lowest Oligocene, the high- est Pliocene — found in a basin-shaped hollow in the older rocks in and around Vienna. The Oligocene contains re- mains of Mastodon tapiroides, Rhinoc- eros sansaniensis, etc., and the Plio- cene, dinotherium, mastodon, rhinoc- eros, machairodus, hysena, cervus, ante- lope, etc., with birch, alder, oak, beech, chestnut, hornbeam, liquidambar. VIENNE, a departm.ent in the W. of France constituted mainly of the old province of Poitou, between Indre and Deux-Sevres; area, 2,711 square miles; pop. about 330,000. The Vienne, an affluent of the Loire, is the pi-incipal river, and has the Creuse as its chief tributary. The surface is mostly flat, with a gradual slope from the N. The country consists almost wholly of fertile plains, fine pasture lands, and exten- sive forests. The mineral riches com- prise iron, manganese, and quari'ies of stone, including lithographic stone. Poi- tiers is the capital. VIENNE, one of the most ancient towns of France, in the department of Isere; on the Rhone, 19 miles S. of Lyons. The river Gere passes through the town, and here joins the Rhone, after having supplied motive power to a number of mills and factories. Vienne was the chief town of the Allobroges, la mentioned by Caesar, and by Martial; in the time of the Roman emperors it was the rival of Lyons. Besides numerous water conduits, etc., of Roman construc- tion, there are a Corinthian temple of Augustus and Livia, remains of a theater and a pyramid, called The Eagle, 72 feet high; and the museum containing many relics of Roman an- tiquity. The cathedral of St, Maurice, partly Romanesque, partly Gothic, was built in 1107-1251; St. Peter's dates from the 6th centuiy. The town was prominent under the Burgundian princes, and its archbishop disputed with his neighbor of Lyons the primacy of Gaul. In 1312 a council was held here, in which Pope Clement V. pro- nounced the suppression of the order of the Templars. There are manufac- tures of woolens, silk, paper, leather, and iron goods, and trade in grain and wine. Pop. about 25,000. VIENNE, HAUTE, an interior de- partment of France, S. E. of Vienne; bounded on the W. by departments of Vienne, Charente, and Dordogne; area, 2,119 square miles; pop, about 385,000. It is watered by the Vienne and tribu- taries. The surface is for the most part level, though not fertile, but is