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LEFT VATJCLUSE 172 VAUGHAN placent master. His body was buried at Bazoches; in 1806 Napoleon deposited his heai't in the Invalides. VAUCLUSE (vo-kliiz'), a department in the S. E. of France; bounded on the W. by the Rhone, and on the S. separ- ated by the Durance from Bouches du Rhone; area, 1,381 square miles; pop. about 250,000. The E. is intersected by spurs of the Alps; in the W. are plains. Agriculture is the chief occupation; of late oaks have been largely planted for the culture of truffles; and there are manufactures of silk, wool, pottery, chemicals, etc. Originally composed of the county of Venaissin, the principality of Orange, and part of Provence, the de- partment is divided into the four arron- dissements of Apt, Avignon, Carpentras, and Orange, Avignon being the capital. The village of Vaucluse {Vallis clmisa) stands in a romantic ravine 19 miles E. of Avignon, and is noted as having been for 16 years the residence of Petrarch, and for its famous fountain. Here, too, lived John Stuart Mill. VAUD (vo) (German. Waadt), a canton which forms the W. corner of Switzerland; between the Jura and the Bernese Alps; area, 1,244 square miles; pop. about 320,000. It is a compara- tively level district, traversed, however, by an elevated tract known as Mount Jorat, from which plains slope on either side to the Lake of Geneva on the S. and the Lake of Neufchatel on the N. On both sides, near the mountains, there are extensive pasture lands, but the greater part of the country is highly cultivated. The vineyards yield white wines of ex- cellent quality. Vaud forms part of French Switzerland; the religion is Prot- estant. After the fall of the Roman empire it belonged to the Burgundian kingdom, but in the 13th century it be- came a dependency of Savoy, and in 1536 the Bernese took possession of it. The French invasion put an end to the rule of Bern, and Vaud became a separate canton. The existing democratic repre- sentative constitution dates from 1845. Lausanne is the capital. See Switzer- land: Waldenses. VAUDEVILLE (vod'vel), a term originally applied to a country song of like kind with those written by Oliver Basselin, of the valleys of Vaux de Vire, in Normandy, in the 15th century. These songs, which were satirical, had for their subjects love, drinking, and passing events. They became very popular and wei-e spread all over France under the name Lais des Vaux de Vire. The pecu- liarity of their character lived after their origin was forgotten, and plays, inter- spersed with songs of this description, came to be called Vaudevilles, and occasionally Virelais. Also a light gay song, frequently embodying a satire, consisting of several couplets and refrain burden, sung to a familiar air, and often introduced into theatrical pieces; a ballad, a topical song. In French drama a piece whose dialogue is intermingled with light or comic songs sung to popular airs. In the United States of late years the term has come into use to denote light or "variety" theatrical entertain- ments, especially when continuous. VAUGHAN, BERNARD, an English Roman Catholic clergyman, born in 1847, a brother of Cardinal Vaughan. He was educated at Stonyhurst, and be- came a member of the Society of Jesus. As such, he took an active and conspic- uous part in the religious and civic life of Manchester for eighteen years. In 1901 he moved to London, where he be- came well known as a worker among the poor, as well as a preacher. After trav- eling in the United States and Canada, where he lectured with great success, he also lectured at various times in Japan, China, Italy and France. Besides very- numerous articles and pamphlets deal- ing with religious and social topics, many of his sermons have been pub- lished. He also wrote "The Sins of Society" (1906); "Socialism" (1910); "Socialism from the Christian Stand- point" (1913); "What of To-day?" (1914) ; "The Menace of the Empty Cradle" (1917); "The Workers' Right to Live" (1918) ; etc. VAUGHAN. HENRY, a Welsh poet, styled "the Silurist" from his having been born among the Silures of South Wales; born in Newton, Brecknockshire, in 1622. He entered Jesus College, Oxford, in 1638, and shared the loyalty of his family, though apparently he did not actually bear arms in the cause. In 1650 he printed at London his "Sparks from the Flint-stone," a collection of pious meditations after the model of Herbert (second part printed with it in 1655), and followed it up in 1652 with "The Mount of Olives," a little book of de- votions in prose, and the "Flores Soli- tudinis," also in prose. Not till the year 1678 was another collection of his verse published, and this time again by a zealous Oxford friend ("J. W.") without his concurrence. This was the "Thalia Rediviva: the pastimes and diversions of a Country Muse," a collection of elegies, translations, etc., of all periods of his life, closing with a few religious pieces ("Pious Thoughts and Ejaculations"), and a pastoral elegy on the death of his brother Thomas. He died April 23, 1 695.