Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 09.djvu/574

LEFT TRIASSIC SYSTEM 504 TRICHINA be inferred that the climate of the period was generally genial or warm. TRIBE, an aggregate of stocks — ^a stock being an aggregate of persons con- sidered to be kindred — or an aggregate of families, forming a community usually under the government of a chief. The chief is possessed of despotic power over the members of the tribe, which is one of the earliest forms of the community among all the races of men. TRIBONIANUS, a Roman jurist of the 6th century, of Macedonian parent- age, but bom in Paphlagonia. He held under the Emperor Justinian the offices of quaestor, master of the imperial house- hold, and consul. He is famous chiefly through his labors in connection with the Code of Justinian and the Pandects. He died in 545. TRIBUNE, in Roman antiquities, properly the chief-magistrate of a tribe. There were several kinds of officers in the Roman state that bore the title. (1) The plebeian tribunes, who were first created after the secession of the com- monalty to the Mons Sacer (A. U. C. 260), as one of the conditions of its return to the city. They were especially the mag- istrates and protectors of the common- alty, and no patrician could be elected to the office. At their first appointment the power of the tribunes was very small, being confined to the assembling of the plebeians and the protection of any in- dividual from patrician aggression; but their persons were sacred and inviolable, and this privilege consolidated their other powers, which, in the later ages of the republic, grew to an enormous height, and were finally incorporated with the functions of the other chief magistracies in the person of the emperor. The num- ber of the tribunes varied from 2 to 10, and each of these might annul the pro- ceedings of the rest by putting in his veto. (2) Military tribunes were first elected in the year A. u. C. 310, in the place of the consuls, in consequence of the demands of the commonalty to be ad- mitted to a share of the supreme power. The number of the military tribunes was sometimes six and sometimes three. For above 70 years sometimes consuls were elected and sometimea military tribunes; at last the old order was permanently restored, but the plebeians were admitted to a share of it. (3) Legionary tribunes, or tribunes of the soldiers, were the chief officers of a legion, six in number, who commanded under the consul, each in his turn, usually about a month; in battle each led a cohort Also, a bench or ele- vated place; a raised seat or stand. Specifically, the throne of a bishop, and a sort of pulpit or rostrum where a speaker stands to address an audience. TRICHIA, in botany, a genus of My' xogastres or gasteromycetous Fungi, hav- ing a stalked or sessile, simple, mem- branous peridium bursting at the sum- mit; spiral threads, which carry with them the spores. The threads and spores are often bright colored. Species numer- ous, occurring on rotten wood, etc. TRICHASIS, in pathology, the growth of one or more of the eyelashes in a wrong direction, ultimately bringing it in contact with the anterior portion of the eyeball. Sometimes this is the natural mode of growth, but more fre- quently it is produced by a disease of the eyelid, or its inversion. The cure is slowly and steadily to remove each eyelash with a broad-pointed and well- grooved forceps, and then repeatedly ap- ply spirits of wine to the place to destroy the follicles. TRICHIDITTM, in botany, a tender, simple, or sometimes branched hair, which bears the spores of certain fun- gals, as in the genus Geastrum TRICHILIA, in botany, the typical genus of Trichiliese. Trees of shrubs with unequally pinnate, rarely trifoliolate leaves ; flowers in axillary panicles ; calyx four 6r five cleft; petals four or five overlapping; stamens 8 or 10, united into a tube; fruit capsular, three-celled; seeds, two in each cell. Known species about 20, the majority from America, the remainder from Africa. The bark of Trichilia emetica, called by the Arabs roka and elcaija, is a violent purgative and emetic. The Arab women mix the fruits with the perfumes used for wash- ing their hair ; the seeds are made into an ointment with sesamum oil, and used as a remedy for the itch. T. cathartica is also a purgative. T. moschata, a Jamai- ca plant, has an odor of musk wood. T*. catigoa, now Moschoxylon catigoa, the catigua of Brazil, stains leather a bright yellow. TRICHINA, in zoology, a genus of Nematoidse, established by Owen for the reception of the minute spiral flesh worn, T. spiralis, discovered in human muscle by Sir James Paget, in 1835, when a student at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Mr. Hilton, of Guy's, had previously noticed gritty particles in human muscles, and recognized them as the results of parasites, afterward shown (by Owen) to be young trichinae. The trichinae met with in human muscle are minute immature worms, spirally coiled