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LEFT TEEATY 489 TREATY against the allied or associated govern- ments for acts under exceptional war measures abandoned. Pre-war contracts between allied and associated nationals, excepting the United States, Japan, and Brazil, and German nationals are cancelled except for debts for accounts already performed. AGREEMENTS For the transfer of property where the property had already passed, leases of land and houses, contracts of mortgages, pledge or lien, mining concessions, con- tracts with governments and insurance contracts, mixed arbitral tribunals shall be established of three members, one chosen by Germany, one by the associa- ted states and the third by agreement, or, failing which, by the President of Switzerland. They shall have jurisdic- tion over all disputes as to contracts con- cluded before the present peace treaty. Fire insurance contracts are not con- sidered dissolved by the war, even if pre- miums have not been paid, but lapse at the date of the first annual premium fall- ing due three months after the peace. Life insurance contracts may be restored by payments of accumulated premiums mth interest, sums falling due on such contracts during the war to be recover- able with interest. Marine insurance con- tracts are dissolved by the outbreak of war except where the risk insured against had already bfeen incurred. Where the risk had not attached, premiums paid are recoverable, otherwise premiums due and sums due on losses are recoverable. Reinsurance treaties are abrogated un- less invasion has made it impossible for the reinsured to find another reinsurer. Any allied or associated power, however, may cancel all the contracts running be- tween its nationals and a German life insurance company, the latter being obli- gated to hand over the proportion of its assets attributable to such policies. INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY Rights as to industrial, literary, and artistic property are re-established. The special war measures of the allied and associated powers are ratified and the right reserved to impose conditions on the use of German patents and copy- rights when in the public interest. Ex- cept as between the United States and Germany, pre-war licenses and rights to sue for infringements committed during the war are cancelled. SECTION XI. AERIAL NAVIGATION Aircraft of the allied and associated powers shall have full liberty of passage and landing over and in Germany terri- tory, equal treatment with German planes as to use of German airdromes, and with most favored nation planes as to internal commercial traffic in Germany. Germany agrees to accept allied certificates of na- tionality, airworthiness, or competency or licenses and to apply the convention relative to aerial navigation concluded between the allied and associated pov/ers to her own aircraft over her own terri- tory. These rules apply until 1923, un- less Germany has since been admitted to the League of Nations or to the above convention. SECTION xn. FREEDOM OF TRANSIT Germany must grant freedom of tran- sit through her territories by rail or water to persons, goods, ships, carriages, and mails from or to any of the allied or associated powers, without customs or transit duties, undue delays, restrictions, or discriminations based on nationality, means of transport, or place of entry or departure. Goods in transit shall be as- sured all possible speed of journey, es- pecially perishable goods. Germany may not divert traffic from its normal course in favor of her own transport routes or maintain "control stations" in connec- tion with transmigration traffic. She may not establish any tax discrimination against the ports of allied or associated powers; must grant the latter's seaports all factors and reduced tariffs granted her own or other nationals, and afford the allied and associated powers equal rights with those of her own nationals in her ports and waterways, save that she is free to open or close her maritime coasting trade. FREE ZONES IN PORTS Free zones existing in German ports on Aug. 1, 1914, must be maintained with due facilities as to warehouses, packing, and shipping, without discrim- ination, and without charges except for expenses of administration and use. Goods leaving the free zones for con- sumption in Germany and goods brought into the free zones from Germany shall be subject to the ordinary import and export taxes. INTERNATIONAL RIVERS The Elbe from the junction of the Ul- tava, the Ultava from Prague, the Oder from C^pa, the Niemen from Grodno, and the Danube from Ulm are declared international, together with their connec- tions. The riparian states must ensure good conditions of navigation within their ter-