Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 09.djvu/528

LEFT TBANSPORTATION 466 TRANSVAAL COLONY 'of the criminal's life, according to the magnitude of the offense, Australia, Tasmania, and Norfolk Islands were the stations to which convicts from England were conveyed. Transportation was abolished by an act passed in 1857, and superseded by penal servitude. This act, however, reserved to the privy-council the right of ordering convicts to be trans- ported, and it was only in 1868 that transportation to Western Australia ac- tually ceased. TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY, a railway system of Russia, extending from St. Petersburg to Port Arthur. The en- tire distance from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok is 6,677 miles. The original cost was $172,525,000. The first sod was cut at Vladivostok on May 24, 1891. To facilitate the work of construction, the line was divided into three parts. The first started from the European frontier in the Ural, and ran E.; the second from Vladivostok, on the Pacific, ran W. ; while the third, the middle section, near Lake Baikal, joined the other two. The whole line was opened for passenger traffic in December, 1901. In 1905 a line was laid around the southern end of Lake Baikal which obviated a boat-trip on the lake which passengers were formerly forced to take. TRANSUBSTANTIATION. The mean- ing of the theological term transubstan- tiation is made apparent in the follow- ing canon of the Council of Trent: "If any one shall say that, in the most holy sacrament of the Eucharist, there re- mains the substance of bread and wine together with the body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, and shall deny that wonderful and singular con- version of the whole substance of the bread into the body, and of the whole substance of the wine into the blood, the species of bread and wine alone re- maining — which conversion the Catholic church most fittingly calls transubstan- tiation — let him be anathema." The canon quoted was intended as a condem- nation of the tlieories of impanation and consubstantiation. According to the theory of impanation, which was advo- cated chiefly by Osiaiider, in the sacra- ment of the Eucharist, the bread and wine were hypostatically or personally assumed by the Divine Word. According to the theory of consubstantiation, which was favored by the large majority of the Lutherans, the substance of the bread and wine remains together with the body and blood of Jesus Christ, but without being hypostatically assumed. The doctrine of transubstantiation is then an article of Roman Catholic faith. Furt!iermore, the Council of Trent in the same Session xiii. declares that this doc- trine "has always been the conviction in the Church of God." Protestant divines call in question the truth of this declara- tion, and assert that the doctrine was unknown before the Middle Ages. Roman Catholic theologians, on the other hand, while admitting that the term transub- stantiation is comparatively new, profess their ability to prove by a catena of witnesses, commencing with the earliest ages of the church, that the doctrine conveyed by the term has been believed from the first. That the term is com- paratively new is unquestionable. Car- dinal Franzelin, indeed ("De Eucharis- tia," p. 177), gives instances of its use by Catholic writers in the 11th and 12th centuries. Nevertheless it was not form- ally adopted into the doctrinal phraseol- ogy of the Church before 1215, when it was employed in a profession of faith drawn up by the fourth Lateran Council. After this period we find the term again employed in a "confession of faith," which was presented for subscription to Michael Palseologus, the Greek emperor, by Pope Clement IV. (1267), and was professed by the emperor in the second Ecumenical Council of Lyons held in 1274 under Pope Gregory X. TRANSVAAL COLONY, formerly the South African Republic; since 1910 a State of the Union of South Africa ; area, 110,450 square miles; lying between the Vaal and the Limpopo rivers; bounded N. by British South African territory, E. by Portuguese East Africa and Zulu- land, S. by Natal and the Orange River Colony, and W. by Bechuanaland. The population numbers over 300,000 whites and over 1,000,000 natives. Johannes- burg, the principal city, had in 1918 a population of 137,166 whites and about the same number of natives. Prior to its annexation to Great Britain the re- public was ruled by a president elected for five years, only native Boers having the franchise; and a legislature of two houses, each of 27 members, elected for four years. The president had a council of four official members. One-third of the population is estimated to be engaged in agriculture, the lands of the colony generally, outside the mining districts, being extremely productive, and the de- mand for farm products in the mining regions very great, even in excess of the local products at the present time. From the establishment of the republic, troulJles arose with the natives around them, and during one of these disturbances the British intervened in 1877 and annexed the territory. The Boers, however, rose