Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 09.djvu/485

LEFT TOBACCO 423 TOCQUEVILLE may be spun in the form of a rope of greater or less thickness; the smallest twist is called pigtail. The midribs, sep- arated in the first process of manufac- ture, are preserved to be converted into Snuff {q. v.). Cigars, cigarettes, and cheroots are favorite forms of manufac- tured tobacco. As the best leaf is grown in Cuba, so also are the best cigars made there. The leaf used for the manufac- ture of Manila cheroots is grown chiefly on the island of Luzon. The production of tobacco in the United States in 1920 was 1,476,444,000 pounds. TOBAGO, the most S. of the Windward Islands; belonging to Great Britain; 75 miles S. E. of Grenada and lSj4 miles N. E. of Trinidad; 24 miles long and 7 miles wide; pop. about 21,000. The island was discovered by Columbus in 1498, and named by him Assumption; the name of Tobago is supposed to have arisen from the free use of tobacco by the Caribs when first visited by Europeans. It has been frequently contested between Dutch, Spaniards, and French, but came into British possession in 1763. The island is volcanic, its surface being irregular and picturesque, and abounding in conical hills and spurs, all connected by a ridge running through the interior, the greatest elevation of which is 1,800 feet above the level of the sea. From the high ridge descend deep and narrow ravines, which terminate in small alluvial plains. Scar- borough is its chief town, pleasantly situated on the S. side, and at the base of a conical hill rising 425 feet in altitude, crowned by Fort King George, now with- out garrison. The chief exports are rum, molasses, cocoanuts and livestock to the amount of from $100,000 to $200,000. The imports run from $100,000 to $150,- 000. The island was united with the colony of Trinidad in 1889, and has a commissioner appointed by the governor. TOBIT, in the Apocrypha, a book generally placed between II Esdras and Judith, and containing 14 chapters. A pious man, Tobit by name, resident in Thisbe in Naphthali, was taken captive by Enemessar (Shalmaneser), King of Assyria, and located in Nineveh. TOBOL, a river of Siberia, which rises in the W. slope of the Ural Mountains, in the province of Orenburg, and joins the Irtish at the town of Tobolsk, after a course of about 550 miles. TOBOLSK, a town of Western Siberia, capital of a province, at the confluence of the Irtish and the Tobol, nearly 2,000 miles E. of St. Petersburg. It is well built, with timber houses and wide and regular streets, and its position on the two great rivers is picturesque; but its situation, considerably N. of the great commercial highway between Russia and Siberia, and at a distance from the more productive regions of the country is un- favorable for the development of com- merce. Pop. about 25,000. TOCQUEVILLE, ALEXIS CHARLES HENRI MAURICE CLEREL DE, a French politician; born in Verneuil, July 29, 1805. His father was Herve Louis Frangois Joseph Bonaventure Clerel, Comte de Tocqueville (1772-1856), peer of France, politician and historian, and a writer of some merit. The son studied philology at Metz and at Paris (1823- 1826). In 1827 he was appointed juge auditeur of the tribunal of Versailles. In 1831-1832 he was sent by the French government, along with his friend M. de Beaumont, to the United States to inspect and report on the American prison sys- tem. They published a joint work on their return, entitled "Of the Penitenti- ary System in the United States and its Application in France" (Par. 1832; 3d er. 1845). This treatise, which was crowned by the Academy, rec- ommends the solitary confinement of prisoners. In 1832 Tocqueville re- signed his office under government, and, after a brief visit to England, gave him- self up to the composition of the first of his two great works, "Democracy in America" (1835-1840, 15th ed. 1868). This work is in reality a treatise on the general principles which ought to be taken as the rule of action by all demo- cratic governments. These are, in brief: (1) full extent of individual liberty with all its concomitants (as freedom of the press, etc.); (2) careful avoidance of cen- tralization. The bearing of this on French politics is obvious. This work was received with the favor it deserved; the Academy awarded to it a special prize of 8,000 francs, and a quick succes- sion of honors was bestowed on the author. In 1837 he was appointed cheva- lier of the Legion of Honor; in 1839 he was chosen by the electors of Valagnes as their representative; and in 1841 he was elected member of the Academy. For some years practical politics occupied all his attention. In 1849 he entered the Odilon Barrot Cabinet as minister of foreign affairs, but the coup d'etat of Dec. 2 — to which, as may be imagined, he was strongly opposed — drove him from office. He then occupied himself with "The Old Government and the Revolu- tion" (1856, 7th ed. 1866). This is his greatest work. It was meant to be an exposition of the manner in which the