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LEFT TITTONI 420 TITUSVILLE part in the negotiations which brought Italy into the war on the side of the Allies. In 1916 he became Minister of State, and at the conclusion of the war in 1918 took part in the peace negotia- tions. His works include: "Sei anni di Politica Estera" (published in 1912 and later translated as "Italy's Foreign and Colonial Policy") (mostly discourses) ; "The Responsibility of the War." TITRATION, in chemistry, the process of estimating the amount of an element or compound contained in a solution, by the addition to it of a known quantity of another chemical capable of reacting on it. The end of the process is determined by the complete precipitation of the com- pound, or by the discharge and produc- tion of some definite color in the mixed solutions. See Analysis. TITULAR BISHOP, a title substituted by Pope Leo XIII, for the older one of bishop in partibits infidelium. TITULAR CHURCH, a name given to the parish churches of Rome, as distinct from the patriarchal churches, which belonged to the Pope, and from the ora- tories. Each titular church was under a cardinal priest, had a district assigned to it, and a font for baptism in case of necessity. TITTMAN, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (tit'man), a German historian; born in Wittenberg in 1784. His "Study on the Amphictyonic League" (1812) was crowned by the Berlin Academy. His principal work is a "History of Henry the Illustrious' (2 vols. 1845-1846). Among his other writings are: "A View of the Civilization of our Times" (1835) ; "On Life and Matter" (1855); "Apho- risms of Philosophy" (1850) ; "National- ity and the State" (1861). He died in 1864. TITUS, the Roman praenomen but the usual name for the 11th of the 12 Ccesars, Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, the eldest son of Vespasian and Flavia Domi- tilla; born in Rome, Dec. 30, A. D. 40. He was brought up at the court of Nero along with Britannicus, and early served with credit as tribune in Germany and Britain, and in Judaea under his father. On Vespasian's elevation to the throne Titus was left tc prosecute the Jewish war, which he brought to a close by the capture of Jerusalem after a long siege (70). Both father and son enjoyed a joint triumph in 71. About this time Titus received the title of Caesar, and took a share in the work of government. He gave himself up to pleasure, and his attachment to Berenice, the daughter of Herod Agrippa I., grievously offended the Romans. But no sooner had Titus assumed the weight of undivided power (79) than his whole character became changed. He assumed the office of Pon- tifex Maximus in order to keep his hands free from blood. He completed the Co- losseum and built the baths which bear his name, and lavished his beneficence on the sufferers from the great eruptions of Vesuvius, which overwhelmed Hercu- laneum and Pompeii (79), and the great three days' fire at Rome, followed by pestilence the year after. Titus was now the idol of his subjects. He loved to give. But unhappily he died suddenly at his patrimonial villa in the Sabine country, Sept. 13, 81, not without the suspicion that he had been poisoned by his younger brother Domitian. TITUS, a companion of St. Paul, though not mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles. He seems to have been con- verted by the apostle (Tit. i: 4), proba- bly at Antioch A. D. 50 or 51, and in the same year accompanied him to Jerusa- lem, and was present at that first coun- cil which recognized Gentile converts as part of the Church, and exempted them from the burden of the Mosaic ritual (cf. Acts XV. 1-35 with Gal. ii: 1-3). Paul soon afterward practically carried out the liberty thus accorded by refus- ing to require Titus, who by birth was a Greek, to be circumcised (Gal. ii: 3-5). Pitus was subsequently with Paul at Eph- esus (a. d. 56), whence the former was sent on a special mission to the Corin- thians, perhaps carrying with him Paul's second epistle to that Church (II Cor. viii: 6, 22, 23, xii: 18). When Titus returned (a. d. 57) he found the apostle in Macedonia (II Cor. vii: 5-6, 13-15). Subsequently (probably A. D. 65 or 66) he was left in Crete to arrange the affairs of the Church and "ordain elders in every city" (Tit. i: 5). Returning thence to Rome he was dispatched by Paul (a. d. 66 or 67) to Dalmatia (II Tim. iv: 10). According to tradition Titus returned to his work in Crete, and died a natural death at an advanced age. The Epistle of Paul to Titus, the third of St. Paul's pastoral epistles. It was written to give Titus directions respect- ing the organization of the Cretan Church. There is a considerable resem- blance between some passages in Titus and others in the Epistles to Timothy. The external evidence in favor of the epistle to Titus is somewhat stronger than for those to Timothy. The three together are called the pastoral epistles. TITUSVILLE, a city in Crawford co., Pa.; on OiJ creek and the New York