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LEFT TITLE 419 TITTONI dained. The vow of evangelical poverty (tituhis paupertatis) in a religious or- der is a valid title; and the students of Propaganda and certain other col- leges, and candidates for holy orders in missionary countries, have a title from the mission from which they are or- dained or the seminary in which they were educated (titvlus missionis vel senv- inarii). The acceptance of this last title imposes on the bishop the responsibility of providing for the support of the or- dained, should he become incapable of discharging his functions. (2) A titu- lar church, or the district or parish as- signed to it among English and Roman Catholic Churches. TITMOUSE (plural, TITMICE), in ornithology, a popular name for any in- dividual of the sub-family Parinue. They are remarkable for the boldly defined col- or of their plumage and their quick, ir- regular movements, running rapidly along branches in quest of insects, and often clinging thereto with their back downward. They feed not only on in- sects, but on grain and seeds, and not infrequently kill young and sickly birds with strokes of their stout, strong bill. They are very pugnacious, and the hens show great courage in defense of their nests. The young are fed chiefly on ca- terpillars, and a pair of blue tits have been observed to carry a caterpillar to their nest, on an average, every two minutes, during the greater part of the day, so that these birds must be extreme- ly serviceable in preventing the increase of noxious insects. The ^ chickadee, so named from its note, is the black- cap titmouse {Parus atricapillns), found chiefly in the North American con- tinent. Seven species are well known in Europe; but one, the crested titmouse {Parus cristatus) i is only an accidental visitor. The great titmouse (P. major) is about six inches long; head and throat black, cheeks white, back, breast, and sides yellowish, wings and tail grayish. The blue titmouse (P. cosi-uleus) , which is so called from the bluish tinge in its plumage, and the coal titmouse (P. ater), named from its black head and neck, are the commonest British species; the others are the long tailed titmouse {AcredvXa cavdata, Parus caudatus), the marsh titmouse (P. pabistris), and the bearded titmouse (Panurus biarmicus), or reedling. TITTMAN, OTTO HILGARD. an American geodesist, born in Belleville, 111., in 1850. After a common school training he entered the service of the United States Coast and Geodetic Sur- vey. In 1874 he went to Japan as an assistant astronomer in the Transit of Venus expedition. In 1895 he was ap- pointed assistant in charge of the Uni- ted States Coast and Geodetic Survey office, becoming superintendent in 1909, which position he resigned in 1915. He has at various times represented the Uni- ted States in demarking the boundaries with Canada and was Commissioner of Northern Boundaries under the Treaty of 1908. TITTONI, TOMMASO, an Italian statesman and diplomat, born in Rome ,in 1854. He received his education at the universities of Rome and Oxford and entered politics. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1886, and in 1897 was appointed prefect of Naples, and a year later became a Senator. In 1903-1906 he was Minister of Foreign Af- fairs, and, after a brief interval, returned TOMMASO TITTONI to the position which he held till 1910. In that year he went to Paris as am- bassador. He has been a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration of The Hague since 1912. He continued as Italian ambassador in France during the great war till 1916, playing no small