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LEFT TIABA 384 TIBERIUS TIABA, the head covering of the an- cient Persians; the crown of the ancient Persian kings. These alone had the privi- lege of wearing the tiara erect; the no- bility and priests wore it depressed, or turned down on the fore i;ide. Its form is described variously by different au- thors, so that it must have varied at different periods. According to Xenophon it was encompassed with the diadem, at least on ceremonial occasions. Also the triple crown worn by the Pope on certain occasions as a. sign of his temporal power, of which it is a badge, as the keys are of his spiritual jurisdiction. Nicholas I. (858-867) is said to have been the first to unite the princely crown with the miter, though the Bollandists think this was done before his time. The common statement that Boniface VIII. (about 1300) added the second is incorrect, for Hefele shows that Innocent III. is rep- resented wearing the second crown, in a painting older than the time of Boni- face. Urban V. (1362-1370) is supposed to have added the third crown. In its present form the tiara consists of a high cap of cloth of gold, encircled by three coronets, and surmounted by a mound and cross of gold; on each side is a pend- ant, embroidered and fringed at the end, and powdered with crosses of gold. The tiara is placed on the Pope's head at his coronation by the second cardinal deacon in the loggia of St. Peter's, with the words: "Receive the tiara adorned with three crowns, and know that thou art father of princes and kings, ruler of the world and vicar of our Saviour, Jesus Christ. Also a crown, a diadem. TIBBALLS, WILLIAM HUNTING- TON, an American educator; bom in Union, N. J., Dec. 22, 1848; was gradu- ated at Oberlin College in 1875; had charge of city schools in Ohio, Michigan and Wisconsin for many years ; Professor of Philosophy and Literature in Parks College for six years ; held the same chair at Salt Lake College for three years ; and was president of the Utah State Chris- tian Endeavor Union in 1897-1898. He conducted extensive mining operations, and contributed to literary and educa- tional magazines. TIBER (Italian, Tevere; Latin, Ti- beris), the chief river of central Italy, and the most famous in the peninsula. It rises in a dell of the Tuscan Apennines (province Arezzo), about 11 miles N. of the village of Pieve Santo Stefano. Its course till it reaches Perugia is S. S. E.; thence, as far as Rome, it pursues, along an irregular zigzag line, a S. direction; but when it enters the plain of the Campagna it curves S. S. W.. and enters the Mediterranean by two branches, which inclose the Isola Sacra, or Sacred Isle. Of these the N., the Fiumicino, alone is navigable; the Fiumara is silted up with sand. The entire course of the river is about 260 miles — only 145 direct from source to sea. The most celebrated towns on or near its banks are Perugia, Orvieto, Rome, and Ostia; and its chief affluents are the Nera and the Velino and Teverone or Aniene (Anio) from the left, and the Paglia with the Chiana from the right. In its upper course it is rapid and turbid, and of difficult navigation. It is navigable for boats of 50 tons to the con- fluence of the Nera, 100 miles from its mouth, and small steamers ascend to within 7 miles of that point. The Tiber is supplied mainly by turbid mountain torrents, whence its liability to sudden overflowing of its banks; even the oldest Roman myth, that of Romulus, being in- separably associated with an inundation. Its waters, too, are still discolored with yellow mud, as when Vergil described it. TIBERIAS. See Galilee. TIBERIUS, CLAUDIUS NERO CffiSAR, a Roman emperor; bom Nov. 16, 42 B. c; was the son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla, who became the wife of Octavianus Caesar in 38 B. c. Tiberius and his brother Drusus were brought up in the household of their stepfather, who from the year 27 B. C. was the Emperor Augustus. They were early initiated into public affairs, and in 16-15 B. c, at the head of a Roman army, subdued the Rhasti and Vindelici. Tiberius now returned to Rome to cele- brate his first triumph, and in 13 B. c. was appointed consul together with P. Quintilius Varus. Meanwhile, Dmsus carried on the war in Germany with great success, but died in 9 B. C, in conse- quence of a fall from his horse. Ti- berius hastened to Germany, and, after having carried his brother's body to Rome, returned and prosecuted the war with great vigor. In 7 B. C, having led his army across the Rhine into the coun- try already half conquered by Drusus, he returned to Rome, becoming consul for the second time, and celebrating his tri- umph in the same year. In 12 B. C. he had been compelled by Augustus to di- vorce his wife, Vipsania Agrippina, and become the third husband of his in- famous daughter Julia; but, disgusted by her profligacy, and by Augustus having appointed as his successors Caius and Lucius Caesar, her two sons by her sec- ond husband, Marcus Vispanius Agrippa, he voluntarily retired to Rhodes in 6 B. c, where he passed seven years in seclusion.