Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 09.djvu/295

LEFT TAPESTBY 251 TAPEWORM The manufactures of the Savonnerie, an establishment founded by Henri IV. for velvet-pile carpets and hangings, was in 1826 combined with the Gobelins, and the two industries are now carried on to- gether by the state. There is also a state factory for low warp tapestries at Beauvais; and at Aubusson and Felletin commercial tapestries are very largely made for furniture covering, etc., in es- tablishments which in earlier times were celebrated for their tapestries de luxe. Tapestries were also made at an early period in England. In 1619 an es- tablishment was founded at Mortlake by Sir Francis Crane, and under his guid- ance works of the very highest merit were produced. Tapestries — especially the high warp storied varieties — are the textiles of kings. In earlier times the monarchs of Europe resorted to the Netherlands for pieces for the decoration of their palaces ; and when the manufacture came to be more disseminated it was almost entirely under state supervision and control that the work was carried on. It was for tapestry that Raphael pro- duced the immortal series of cartoons il- lustrating the acts of Christ and the Apostles which were executed in Brussels for the Sistine Chapel. Seven of these cartoons, purchased by Charles I. under the advice of Rubens, are now in South Kensington Museum. TAPEWORM, an intestinal worm, T tenia solium, in form somewhat resem- bling tape. Its length is from 5 to 15 yards, and its breadth from two lines at the narrowest part to four or five at the other or broader extremity. At the nar- row end is the head, which is terminated TAPEWORM. A AND B — HEAD ENLARGED anteriorly by a central rostellum, sur- rounded by a crown of small recurved hooks, and behind them four suctorial depressions; then follow an immense number of segments, each full of micro- scopic ova. The segments are capable of being detached when mature, and re- producing the parasite. There is no mouth; but nutrition appears to take place through the tissues of the animal, as algse derive nourishment from the sea water in which they float. The digestive system consists of two tubes or lateral canals, extending from the anterior to the posterior end of the body, and a transverse canal at the summit of each joint. The tapeworm lives in the small intes- tines of man, affixing itself by its double circle of hooks. When the reproductive joints or proglottides become mature, they break off and are voided with the stools. They may get into water, or may be blown about with the wind, till some of them are at length swallowed by the pig, and produce a parasite called Cysti- cercus cellulosse, which causes measles in the pig. When the measly pork is eaten by man, a tapeworm, the ordinary T. so- lium, appears in his intestines. This, species mainly affects the poor, who are the chief pork-eaters. Called more fully the pork tapeworm. The beef tapeworm, T. mediocanellata, has no coronet of hooks on the head. The segments are somewhat larger than in the ordinary tapeworm. It is 15 to 23 feet long. The cysticercus of this species forms measles in the ox, and is swallowed by man in eating beef. It chiefly affects the rich. The broad tapeworm, Bothriocephalus latus, is 25 feet long by nearly an inch broad, and chiefly affects the inhabitants of Switzerland, Russia and Poland. The adult sexual Tssniadse live for the most part in birds and mammals, the lar- val "bladder worms" or Cysticerci occur in both higher and lower animals. Two Tseniadx are in the adult sex- ual state parasitic in man: Taenia so- lium, with the bladder worm stage in the pig; T. saginate or mediocanellata, with bladder worm in the ox ; and some others, T, cucum,erina, T. nana, T. flavomacula- ta, and T. madagascariensis, occasionally occur. They infest the small intestine, and there also Bothriocephalus latus (larval in pike and burbot) may be found. Moreover taenioid bladder worms also occur in man, the most important be- ing that of T. echinococcus, which lives as an adult tapeworm in the dog. The presence of tapeworm in the small intestine need not be dangerous, but it is usually troublesome, giving rise to disturbances of digestion, colic-like pains, diarrhoea, or, on the contrary, constipation, besides less local effects, such as anaemic and neurotic states. Of anthelmintics — which are intended to ex- pel the parasite from the intestine — there is no lack in the pharmacopoeia.