Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 09.djvu/29

LEFT SPARTACUS 11 SPEAR some time of cautious delay forced Spar- tacus into the narrow peninsula of Rhe- gium, from which, however, he burst out through the Roman lines with a portion of his force. Crassus urged the Senate to recall Lucullus from Asia and Pompey from Spain, but meantime he himself pursued active hostilities against the dreaded enemy. Spartacus finding all hope at an end made a dash on Brundu- sium, hoping to seize the shipping and get across the Adriatic, but was foiled by the presence of Lucullus, whereupon he fell back on the river Silarus, and there made a heroic stand against Cras- sus till he was cut down. SPARTANBURG, a city and county- seat of Spartanburg co., S. C. ; on the Glenn Springs, the Carolina, Clinchfield and Ohio and South Carolina, the Charleston and Western Carolina, and the Southern railroads; 98 miles N. of Columbia. Here are Wofford College (M. E., S.), Converse College for Women, Converse College, State Deaf, Dumb and Blind Institute, Kennedy Public Library, street railroad and elec- tric light plants. National and State banks, and daily and weekly newspa- pers. It has cotton mills, ironworks, lumber mills, limestone quarries, and iron mines. When the United States entered the World War in 1917 one of the 16 divisional cantonments. Camp Wads- worth, for the training of National Guard troops, was established near the town. Most of the New York State troops were trained there. Pop. (1910) 17,517; (1920) 22,638. SPARTEL, CAPE, a promontory at the entrance to the Straits of Gibraltar, and about 1,000 feet above the sea. SPATJLDING, FRANK ELLSWORTH, an American educator, born at Dublin, N- H., in 1866. He was educated at Amherst College, the University of Berlin, the University of Leipzig, and the Sorbonne. Beginning with 1895 he was successively superintendent of schools at Ware, Mass., Passaic, N. J., Newton, Mass., Minneapolis, Minn., and Cleveland, Ohio. In 1920 he became professor of school administration and head of the department of education at the Graduate School, at Yale University. He was a member of the General Edu- cation Board, of the Army Educational Commission, and of the American Acad- emy of Political and Social Science. Besides contributing many articles on educational subjects to magazines he •wrote "The Individual Child and His Ed«?ation" (1904) ; "Learning to Read, a Manual for Teachers" (1907); 'and compiled several graded readers. SPAULDING, OLIVER LYMAN, JR., an American military officer, born at St. Johns, Mich., in 1875. He was educated at the University of Michigan and was commissioned a second lieutenant of artillery in 1898, rising successively through the ranks until he became a brigadier-general in 1918. He was a graduate of the Artillery School, the Army Staff College, the Army War Col- lege, and the Graduate School of Fire for Field Artillery. He saw service at various times in Alaska, China, the Philippine Islands, Panama, the Mexican Border, France, and Germany. During the World War he commanded the 55th and 165th F. A. Brigades and acted as Chief of the Historical Section, General Staff, A. E. F., February to June, 1919. SPAVIN, a disease of horses which occurs under two different forms, both interfering with soundness. In young, weakly, or overworked subjects the hock- joint is sometimes distended with dark- colored thickened synovia or joint oil. This is bog spavin. The second variety of spavin is the more common. Toward the inside of the hock, at the head of the shank bones, or between some of the small bones of the hock, a bony enlarge- ment may be seen and felt. This is bone spavin. At first there is tenderness, heat, swelling, and considerable lame- ness; but as the inflammation in the bone and its investing membrane abates the lameness may entirely disappear, or a slight stiffness may remain. SPAWN, the eggs or ova of fishes, frogs, etc., from which, when fertilized by the males, a new progeny arises that continues the species. In the oviparous fishes with distinct sexes the eggs are impregnated externally, and arrive at maturity without the aid of the mother. The spawn being deposited by the fe- male, the male then pours on it the im- pregnating fluid. In the ovoviviparous fishes sexual intercourse takes place, and the eggs are hatched in the uterus. Fishes exhibit a great variety in regard to the number of their eggs. In the spawn of a codfish, for example, no fewer than 3,500,000 eggs have been found. In general, before spawning, fish forsake the deep water and approach the shore, and some fish leave the salt water and ascend the rivers before spawning, and then return again. See Fish Culture. SPEAR, a weapon of offense, consist- ing of a wooden shaft or pole varying in