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LEFT TAMILS 241 TAMSUI the inhabitants of India, and are there- fore to be regarded as among the ori- ginal inhabitants who occupied the coun- try before the Aryan invasion from the N., but they adopted the higher civiliza- tion of the Aryans. The Tamil language is spoken not only in south India and Ceylon, but also by a majority of the In- dian settlers in places further E., as Pegu and Penang. There is an exten- sive literature, the greater part of it in verse. Among the chief works are the "Kural" of Tiruvalluvar, an ethical poem, and the Tamil adaptation of the Sanskrit "Ramayana." TAMMANY, SOCIETY OF, or CO- LUMBIAN ORDER, formed in New York City in 1789, as a counterweight to the so-called "aristocratic" Society of the Cincinnati ; deriving its name from a noted friendly Delaware chief named Tammany, who had been canonized by the soldiers of the Revolution as the pa- tron saint of America. The grand sach- em and 13 sachems were intended to typ- ify the President and the governors of the 13 original States. The society was at first a social organ- ization, but about 1800 the majority of its members were in sympathy with Aar- on Burr, and the society entered politics under his standard. From the first the qualities that have always been most prominent in it prevailed, thorough or- ganization and a thorough canvass. Tammany was for a short time allied with DeWitt Clinton, but they separated and Tammany came to be recognized as the regular Democratic faction. It had thus gained a position in New York pol- itics. Tweed was its "boss" in the days of his success, and his overthrow dealt it a severe blow, though it has always recovered its position. He was followed by John Kelly; he in turn by Richard Croker, who directed the society's course in national and state campaigns till 1902. In January, 1902, Croker brought about the appointment of Lewis Nixon as chairman of the finance committee, the office in which the control of the organ- ization resides. In 1903 Charles F. Mur- phy became leader, a position held to date. Tammany elected George B. Mc- Clellan and the entire ticket. Mr. McClellan was re-elected. In 1910 W. J. Gaynor was Tammany's successful can- didate for mayor. John P. Mitchel won on a fusion ticket in 1913, but was de- feated by the Tammany nominee, John F. Hylan, in 1917. Tammany's organization and tradi- tions both tend to make it subject to the control of a small clique, and its large following in a state which is always doubtful gives it an influence in national politics otherwise out of proportion to its numerical strength. TAMMEREORS, the chief manufac- turing city of Finland; 50 miles N. W. of Tavastehus. It is situated on a rapid which connects two lakes and affords mo- tive power to cotton, linen, paper, and woolen mills. Pop. (1917) 46,353. TAMMUZ, a Syrian deity for whom the Jewish wom.en held an annual lamen- tation (Ezek. viii: 14), doubtless borrow- ing the practice from the Phoenicians. Tammuz has generally been identified with the Phoenician sun god Adonis, or the Egyptian god Osiris, The Adonia or feast in honor of Adonis commenced with the new moon of July, v.^hen on a certain night an image of the god was laid out on a bed by women, and bewailed in wo- ful ditties. After a time spent in this way lights were brought in, and the mouths of the mourners anointed by the priest, who whispered, "Trust ye, com- municants, the god having been saved, there shall be to us, out of pains, salva- tion." TAMPA, a city and county-seat of Hillsboro co., Fla. ; on Hillsboro river, Tampa Bay, and the Atlantic Coast Line, Seaboard Air Line and Tampa Nor- thern railroads; 30 miles E. of the Gulf of Mexico. It is in a lemon and orange growing region, and is one of the favo- rite health resorts of Florida. It con- tains many hotels, the Convent of Holy Names, Female Seminary, waterworks, street railroad and electric light plants, National banks, and several daily, week- ly, and monthly periodicals. Its chief industry is the manufacture of cigars. During the Spanish-American War Tam- pa was one of the great mobilization camps. Pop. (1910) 37,782; (1920) 51,608. TAMPA BAY, the largest inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, on the W. coast of Flor- ida, It affords excellent anchorage, and at its entrance are many islands. TAMPICO (tam-pe'ko), a seaport town in the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico, on Lake Tampico, near the Gulf of Mexico. It has some good dwellings in the Span- ish style, military and naval monuments, and an important trade with the United States and Great Britain, amounting to $100,000,000 annually. The principal exports are specie, hides, tallow, bones and jerked beef. Pop. about 36,000. TAMSUI. a town on the N. coast of Formosa, one of the treaty ports, with a trade in tea; pop. 95,000.