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LEFT SUVLA BAY 183 SVEABORG War. The object had been to take the Turkish forces by surprise, but this the nature of the country made impossible, as became obvious. After several days of heavy fighting the Allies were com- pelled to retire from the Suvla Bay region. SUVOROF - RYMNIKSKI, PETER ALEXIS VASSILIVICH, COUNT OF, PRINCE ITALISKI, a Russian military officer; born in Finland, Nov. 25, 1729; and in his 17th year entered the service as a common soldier. He served in the war against Sweden, in the Seven Years' War, in Poland, and against the Turks, and rose to be a General of Division in 1773. In 1783 he reduced the Kuban Tartars under the Russian yoke. In 1787, as chief in command, he conducted the defense of Kinburn to a successful issue; and in 1789 he gained the dignity of count by his great victory on the banks of the Rymnik, where the Austrian troops under the Prince of Saxe-Coburg were surrounded by 100,000 Turks. By his timely arrival with 10,000 Russians he not only rescued the Austrians, but occasioned the utter overthrow of the enemy. The next, and perhaps the most sanguinary of his actions, was the storm- ing of Ismail in 1790, which was followed by the indiscriminate massacre of 40,000 of the inhabitants of every age and both sexes. He was next employed against the kingdom of Poland, and conducted a campaign of which the partition of the country was the result, receiving a field- marshal's baton, and an estate. The last and most celebrated of his services was his campaign in Italy in 1799. He gained several brilliant victories at Piacenza, Novi, etc., drove the French from all the towns and fortresses of Upper Italy, and was rewarded with the title of Prince Italiski. But in consequence of a change in the plan of operations he passed the Alps; and the defeat of Korsakof at Zurich, together with the failure of the expected assistance from the Austrians, obliged him to retreat from Switzerland. On his recall to Russia preparations were made for his triumphal entry into St. Petersburg; but having incurred the dis- pleasure of the Emperor Paul, the prep- arations were suspended. He died May 18, 1800. SUWANEE RIVER, a river in south- ern Georgia, in the Okefinokee Swamp, which flows in a winding, generally S. S. W. course through Florida into the Gulf of Mexico. SUWALKI, a province of Lithuania, bounded W. by Eastern Prussia, S. by Grodno, and separated by the Niemen on the N. from Kovno, on the E. from Wilna; area, 4,844 square miles; pop. about 718,000. The surface is mountain- ous in the W. and S., and one-eighth is in swamp. Timber and grain are produced. Suwalki, the capital, is situated on the Hancza, 65 miles S. W. of Kovno. It was captured by the Germans in 1915. Pop. about 31,000. SUV/ ARROW ISLANDS, a group of three low wooded islands in the Pacific, about 450 miles N. N. W. of Cook or Hervey Islands, and about the same dis- tance E. of Samoa. Annexed to Great Britain in 1889, Pop. about 120. SUZERAIN, in feudalism, a lord par- amount; either the king, as original holder of the realm, or his immediate vassals, as grantors in turn to sub- vassals. SUZZALLO, HENRY, an American educator, born at San Jose, Cal., in 1875. He was educated at Leland Stanford Uni- versity and at Columbia. From 1902 to 1907 he was an instructor and assistant professor of education at Leland Stan- ford University; from 1907 to 1909 ad- junct professor of elementary education, and from 1909 to 1915 professor of phil- osophy of education at Columbia Uni- versity; since May, 1915, president of the University of Washington. During the World War he served as chairman of the Washington State Council of Defense, Wage Umpire of the National War Labor Board, and adviser of the War Labor Policy Board. He was a member of many educational societies, lectured extensively, contributed many articles to educational magazines and in 1909 be- came editor of the "Riverside Educa- tional Monographs." SVASTIKA, a religious symbol used by early races of Aryan stock from Scandinavia to Persia and India. It con- sists of a Greek cross, either inclosed in a circle the circumference of which passes through its extremities or with its arms bent back, and was intended to represent the sun, being found invariably associ- ated with the worship of Aryan sun gods (Apollo, Odin), Similar devices occur in the monumental remains of the ancient Mexicans and Peruvians, and on objects exhumed from the prehistoric burial mounds of the United States. SVEABORG, a fortress in Finland; sometimes called "the Gibraltar of the North," protects the harbor and town of Helsingfors, from which it is 3 miles dis- tant. The fortifications were planned and first prepared by Count Ehrensvard