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LEFT STKASSBURG 114 STRATFORD-ON-AVON ple-Neuf or Neukirche, the old Episco- pal palace, the town hall, the new uni- versity building, opened in 1884, and the new imperial palace. The old Episcopal palace contains the university and town library, numbering 600,000 volumes. There are statues to Gutenberg and Gen- eral Kleber, in squares correspondingly named, besides others. Its industries are very varied, and include tanning, brewing, machine making, woolen and cotton goods, cutlery, musical instru- ments, artificial flowers, gloves, chemi- cals, and the preparation of its cele- brated pates de foie gras. Strassburg, under the name of Argentoratum, is supposed to have been founded by the Romans, who erected it as a barrier against the incursions of the Germans, who ultimately possessed it. In the 6th century the name was changed to Strass- burg, and in the beginning of the 10th century it became subject to the empe- rors of Germany. United to France in 1681, it was ceded with the territories of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany in 1871. By the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, Alsace and Lorraine were restored to France. Pop. about 198,000. STRASSBURG, UNIVERSITY OF, a university of Alsace-Lorraine. The in- stitution was first founded as a German university, in 1621, maintaining much of its German character, after Strassburg became French territory in 1681. Dur- ing the French Revolution it disap- peared, but was reopened in 1802 as a Protestant academy, and, in 1808, under the university reforms instituted by Na- poleon the First, became part of the Uni- versity of France. After the Franco- Prussian War it once more became a German university and was reopened in 1872. While the Germans were in pos- session of Alsace-Lorraine, the imperial government expended large sums of money on the university and it soon be- came a center of German influence and one of the most flourishing universities. Previous to the outbreak of the World War, it had about 2,100 students and an annual budget of $400,000. Its library contams more than 600,000 volumes. As a result of the Peace Treaty of Ver- sailles the institution again became a French university. STRATEGY, the science, as distin- guished from the art of war; the direc- tion of a campaign; the combination and employment of his available forces, by a commander-in-chief, to bring a cam- paign to an end, as distinct from the minor operations by which it is sought to effect that result, and which are sub- sidiary to the general plan (See Tac- tics). Also the use of artifice, strata- gem, or finesse in carrying out any project. STRATFORD, a city of Connecticut, in Fairfield co. It is on the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad. It has important manufactures, including silverware, paint, brass goods, and wire- forming machinery. Pop. (1910) 5,712; (1920) 12,347. STRATFORD-ON-AVON, a town of Warwickshire, England; 8 miles S. W. of Warwick; on the right bank of the Avon river. The river is here crossed by a fine bridge of 14 pointed arches, now nearly 400 years old, still knov/n as Clopton Bridge, after its builder. Sir Hugh Clopton, an alderman of Lon- don, but born in the neighborhood of Stratford, who is also interest- ing as the builder of the house called The New Placp, which was the property of Shakespeare in his later years and the house in which he died, but was destroyed by the owner in 1759. The grounds are now open free. "Shakespeare's House," that is, the house in which he was born, having been purchased by subscription and dedicated to the public in 1847, was restored in 1859, and now contains the Shakespeare library and museum, the Stratford por- trait, etc. In the cruciform parish church are his grave and portrait bust, also the font in which he was baptized. The old parish register with the entry of Shakespeare's baptism and burial, is shoAvn near the N. door of the church. The central tower of the clmrch dates from the 13th century. Other monu- ments are the Shakespeare Memorial Theater, built in 1879 at a cost of over $200,000, intended for occasional Shake- spearean celebrations, and possibly as a dramatic college, and having attached to it a Shakespeare library and museum; the Shakespeare fountain, built by an American, and the Shakespeare monu- ment. Anne Hathaway's cottage, in the neighboring hamlet of Shottery, in the parish of Stratford, was acquired in the public interest in 1892. Among other in- teresting remains of Shakespeare's time or memorials of Shakespeare are the grammar school in which he was edu- cated (originally endowed in 1482, re- founded under Edward VI.), the adjoin- ing Guildhall, in which strolling players used to perform in Shakespeare's time (both buildings restored since 1891), the town hall (rebuilt in 1768 on the site of an older structure of 1633), containing in a niche on its N, side the statue of Shakespeare presented by David Garrick. Apart from Shakespeare, the town is in-