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LEFT SCHOFIELD 281 SCHONBERG works should be mentioned: "Sterben" (1895) ; "Der Weg ins Freie" (1908) ; etc. A collection of his writings were published in seven volumes in Berlin, in 1912. SCHOFIELD, JOHN M'ALLISTER, an American military officer; born in Gerry, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1831; was gradu- ated at the United States Military Acad- emy in 1853; served on garrison duty in South Carolina and Florida in 1853-1855; was assistant Professor of Philosophy at the United States Military Academy in 1855-1860, and Professor of Physics in Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., in 1860-1861. During the Civil War he served in the Missouri campaign under General Lyon; commanded the Depart- ment of the Ohio; took part in the At- lanta campaign; and commanded at the battle of Franklin, Tenn., Nov. 30, 1864, for which he was made Brigadier-General and brevet Major-General in the regular army. After the war he became com- mander of the Division of the Pacific; was Secretary of War in 1868-1869; com- manded the army of the United States as senior Major-General; and was pro- moted Lieutenant-General in 1895. He was the author of "Forty-six Years in the Army" (1897). He died March 4, 1906. SCHOFIELD, W (ALTER) ELMER, an American painter, born at Philadel- phia, Pa., in 1867. He studied in Paris under Bouguereau, Ferrier, and Aman- Jean and, returning to America, became a Fellow of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia. He is repre- sented in the National Collection of Ura- guay ; Corcoran Art Gallery, Washington ; John Herron Art Gallery, Indianapolis; Art Museum, Cincinnati; Pennsylvania Academy Fine Arts; Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh; Sebright Art Gallery, Buf- falo; Memorial Gallery, Washington; In- ternational Exposition, Buenos Ayres, and other permanent collections. He received many prizes and gold medals and was a member of the National Academy, Na- tional Institute of Arts and Letters, the Royal Society of British Artists, etc. Dur- ing the World War he saw service with the British army in France. SCHOLARSHIP, a name given in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, England, to foundations for maintaining scholars. A scholarship is, like a fellow- ship, subject to certain regulations and conditions; is inferior to the latter, but superior to an exhibition. In the United States most of the colleges have endowed scholarships. SCHOLASTICISM, in philosophy and Church history, the name given to a move- ment which began with the opening of cloister schools by Charlemagne (742- 814), attained its greatest development in the early part of the 13th century under Aquinas and Scotus, and, after re- ceiving a check from the labors of Roger Bacon (1214-1292) and the criticism of Occam (died 1349), gradually subsided at the Renaissance. Scholasticism was the reproduction of ancient philosophy under the control of ecclesiastical disci- pline, the former being accommodated to the latter in case of any discrepancy be- tween them. It had two chief periods: In the first period arose the Nominalists and the Realists; in the second the Sco- tists and the Thomists. SCHOMBURGK, SIR ROBERT HERMANN, a Prussian traveler; born in Freiburg, Prussian Saxony, June 5, 1804. He was trained for the mercan- tile profession and came to the United States in 1829; but in the following year he removed to Anegada, one of the Virgin Isles. Having surveyed the island and laid a report before the Royal Geographi- cal Society, he was charged by that body to lead an exploring expedition to British Guiana in 1835. This enterprise he suc- cessfully achieved. It was during this exploration, and while he was ascending the Berbice river, that he discovered, Jan. 1, 1837, the magnificent aquatic plant, the "Victoria Regia," described in his "De- scription of British Guiana" (Lond. 1840), and his "Views in the Interior of Guiana" (1841). In 1841 he returned to Guiana to survey the colony for the gov- ernment, and to draw the long contro- verted "Schomburgk line" as a provi- sional boundary with Venezuela and Brazil, and was knighted. In 1847 he pub- lished an excellent and elaborate "History of Barbadoes," and in the following year he was appointed British consul at Santo Domingo, and in 1857 British representa- tive at the Siamese court. Ill-health forced him to return to Europe in 1864 and he died next year near Berlin. SCHONHAUSEN, a village of Prussia, province of Saxony, and district of Mag- deburg; 2 miles from the Elbe river; is the birthplace of Prince Bismarck (1815), and is noted as the location of his family estates. SCHONBERG, or MAHRISCH- SCHONBERG, a town of Czecho-Slovakia. It is situated on the river Tess, 159 miles S. E. of Prague. The surroundings are picturesque. It is well built, with a fine church, agricultural and weaving schools, and textile industries. Pop. (district) about 85,000. SCHONEBERG, a suburb of Berlin, Germany. It is largely given over to