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LEFT SCHEFFER 276 SCHEREIv 1857. "Gaudeamus" (1868) is a collec- tion of lyrics, many of which became fa- vorite student songs. "Mountain Psalms" (1870) is a collection of poems. He died April 9, 1886. SCHEFFER, ARY, a French painter, son of Johann Baptist (a German his- torical painter) ; born in Dordrecht, Hol- land, Feb. 12, 1795 ; studied under Guerin in Paris, and began his artistic career as a painter of genre pictures. Under the influence of the romanticism of the early 19th century he produced numerous pieces illustrative of Goethe's, Byron's, and Dante's works, such as "Margaret at the Well," "Faust in His Study," and "Dante and Beatrice in Heaven." Shortly after 1835 he turned to religious subjects, and painted "Christus Remunerator," "Christus Consolator," "The Temptation of Christ," "St. Augustine and Monica," etc. His best portraits were of the Duchess de Broglie, Prince Talleyrand, Queen Amelie, Liszt, La Fayette, Beran- ger, and Lamartine. He died in Argen- teuil, near Paris, June 15, 1858. SCHELDT (skelt; Dutch, Schelde— s/tel'-duh), one of the most important rivers of Belgium and the Netherlands. It rises in the French department of the Aisne; flows circuitously through Bel- gium; reaches Ghent, where it receives the Lys; at Antwerp attains a breadth of about 1,600 feet, and forms a capacious and secure harbor. About 15 miles be- low Antwerp, shortly after reaching the Dutch frontier, it divides into the East and West Scheldt, thus forming a double estuary. The whole course is 267 miles, about 210 of which are navigable. Until 1863, when navigation was made free by the Treaty of Brussels, the Dutch mo- nopolized it and levied tolls on foreign vessels. As a result of the World War and the Peace Treaty of Versailles, con- trol of the Scheldt became again a sub- ject of controversy between Holland and Belgium. SCHELLENBERG,.a village 9 miles S. of Salzburg, Austria; was the scene of the first engagement in the War of the Spanish Succession in which the English took part. Marlborough's army of 40,000 men drove a Bavarian corps of 12,000 from the fortified heights above the vil- lage, after a short, fierce fight, on July 4, 1704. SCHELLING, FRIEDRICH WIL- HELM JOSEPH VON, a German phi- losopher; born in Leonberg,.Wurttemberg, Jan. 27, 1775. He studied first at Tubin- gen, where he and Hegel became inti- mate friends, thence he went to Leipsic and Jena. At Jena he studied under Fichte, whom he succeeded in the chair of philosophy at that university in 1798. In 1803 he was transferred to Wurzburg; and in 1807 to Munich, where he re- mained till 1841, when he accepted a chair at Berlin. This chair he soon relin- quished, and the last years of his life were spent in comparative seclusion. Schelling's place in the great series of German philosophers is determined to be between Fichte and Hegel. His meta- physical theory is generally known by the name of the "System of Identity." He died in Ragatz, Switzerland, Aug. 20, 1854. SCHENECTADY, a city and county- seat of Schenectady co., N. Y., on the State Barge canal, the Mohawk river, and the New York Central and Hudson River, and the Delaware and Hudson railroads; 17 miles W. of Albany. Here are Union College (q. v.), Home for the Friendless, Children's Home, public library, Ellis Hospital, court house, State armory, city hall, waterworks, street rail- road and electric light plants, numerous churches, National, State, and savings banks, and a number of daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. The city has manufactories of agricultural implements and machinery, copper and sheet iron, shawls, knit goods, underwear, stoves, steel springs, varnish, sashes, doors, and blinds, electrical apparatus, fire engines, locomotives, pumps, carriages, brushes and brooms, flour, etc., and an assessed property valuation exceeding $142,000,- 000. Schenectady is one of the oldest cities in New York State. It was settled in 1661; was burned and nearly all the inhabitants massacred by the French and Indians in 1690; and was the scene of a second massacre in 1748. It received a city charter in 1798. Pop. (1910) 72,- 826; (1920) 88,723. SCHERER, JAMES ATJGTTSTIN BROWN, an American educator, born in Salisbury, N. C, in 1870. He gradu- ated from Roanoke College in 1890. In 1892 he founded the American Lutheran mission in Japan, and from 1892 to 1897 was professor of English at the Imperial Government School at Japan. Returning to the United States he served as pastor in Charleston, S. C, from 1898 to 1904. In the latter year he was elected president of Newberry College, serving until 1908, when he became president of the Throop College of Technology. He was a member of the Council of National Defense during the World War, a mem- ber of many economic and learned socie- ties, and carried on important investiga- tions on the question of immigration. He wrote "Four Princes" (1902) ; "Japan To-Day" (1904) ; "What Is Japanese Morality?" (1906) ; "Cotton as a World