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LEFT SARRUSOPHONE 254 SARTI musicians and created a corps de musique for the Garde. The municipality of Paris increased the body, and then authorized Sarrette to establish a free school, which became the Institut National de Musique, and finally the Conservatoire. Sarrette was for a time director, but for some reason, which is not quite clear, he was imprisoned for a month and a half, just before Robespierre's triumph. He never again resumed his functions, and he died in retirement at Paris, April 11, 1858. SARRIEN, JEAN - MARIE - FERDI- NAND, a French statesman, was born at Bourbon-Lancy, Saone-et-Loire, in 1846. He gave up the practice of lav/ to fight against Germany in 1870. In 1876 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, and held portfolios in the cabinets of Brisson, Freycinet, and Tirard from 1885 to 1888. In 1889 he was minister of justice under Brisson. After the fall of Rouvier through disturbances connected with the operation of the Church Separa- tion Act, he became premier and minister of justice March 14, 1906, but the real power in the cabinet (the so-called "minis- try of all the talents") was Clemenceau (q. v.). Sarrien retired in October, 1906. SARRDSOPHONE, a form of wind in- strument of the horn class. They are made en suite, of sizes and compass to take different parts in concerted pieces of music, and are krown as the cornets and saxhorns by names, as soprano, contralto, tenor, baritone, bass, etc.; by the pitch, as B flat, E flat, etc. SARSAPARILLA, name of an order of dictyogens, the Smilacese. In pharma- cy, the rhizome of Smilax officinalis, a na- tive of Central America. The rhizome of sarsaparilla is popularly called the chump; one with roots and rootlets, the latter finely subdivided, is said to be bearded. Sarsaparilla is supposed to be diaphoretic, diuretic, demulcent, tonic, and alterative. It has been given with other medicines in syphilis, scrofula, etc. Also, the sarsaparilla of Vera Cruz, Smi- lax medica, that of Peru S. purhampuy, that of Lisbon and Brazil S. siphilitica, that of Australia S. glycyphylla. Many Asiatic species of smilax, as S. zeylonica, S. glabra, S. perfoliata, S. leucophylla, and 5. china, and S. aspera and S. excelsa from the S. of Europe — the last two sometimes called Italian sarsaparilla — furnish inferior qualities of the drug. The name is also applied to the Aralia nudicaulis, which grows wild in the United States and Canada. SARTAIN, JOHN, an American ar- tist; born in London, England, Oct. 24, 1808; came to the United States in 1830. and was one of the first to introduce mezzotint engraving. In 1843 he became proprietor and editor of "Campbell's For- eign Semi-Monthly Magazine," and there- after devoted himself to engraving and literary work. In 1848 he purchased a half interest in the "Union Magazine," afterward called "Sartain's Union Maga- zine," which he edited and illustrated dur- ing the four years of its existence. Sub- sequently he held various offices, in the Artists' Fund Society, the School of De- sign for Women, and the Pennsylvania Academy; was elected a member of the Society Artis et Amicitias in Amsterdam, Holland, in 1862, and in 1876 had charge of the art department at the Philadel- phia Centennial Exposition. He was the author of a large number of engravings for book illustration, and engraved many historical paintings, including Rother- mel's "Battle of Gettysburg" and "The Iron Worker and King Solomon"; de- signed the monument to Washington and Lafayette in Monument Cemetery, Phila- delphia; and published interesting per- sonal reminiscences. He died in Phila- delphia, Pa., Oct. 25, 1897. SARTHE, a department of France, N. of the Loire; formed out of the old provinces of Anjou and Maine; area, 2,- 411 square miles. The Sarthe flows S. through the department, and the Loire W. along the S. border. The department is fairly level and the soil fertile. Essen- tially an agricultural department, it pro- duces wheat, oats, barley, and potatoes, sends its geese, chickens, eggs, cattle and swine to Paris, is famous for its breed of horses and for its wine and cider. Coal is mined, and there are manufactures of hemp, linen, and cotton textiles, paper, glass, leather, machinery, etc. Capital, Le Mans. Pop. 420,000. SARTI, GIUSEPPE, an Italian music composer; born in Faeiiza, Italy, Dec. 28, 1729. He held the office of organist to the cathedral of Faenza from 1748 to 1750. The success of two operas, "Pom- pey in Armenia" (1751) and "The Shep- herd King" (1753), brought him a royal invitation to Copenhagen in 1753; and there he remained till 1775. After his return to Italy he was successively direc- tor of the conservatory at Venice (till 1779) and chapel master of Milan cathe- dral; in this last post Cherubini was his pupil and assistant. During this period he composed some of his most successful operas: "Rustic Jealousies" (1775); "Giu- lio Sabino" (1781); "The Marriage of Dorina" (1782) ; and others. In 1784 Catharine II. invited him to St. Peters- burg. On his way he made the acquaint- ance »x Mozart at Vienna. His most notable productions while in Russia were