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LEFT SAN MATEO 239 SAN SEBASTIAN rank of lieutenant-colonel. He resigned from service and sailed for Buenos Ayres in 1812, where he joined the patriot army. In the following year he was placed in command of their forces, serving in up- per Peru or Bolivia. He opened a line of operations through Chile, abandoning the previous plan of attacking the Spanish forces in Peru by way of Chuquisaca and Lake Titicaca. San Martin was sup- ported by the supreme director, Pueyrre- don, in his purpose. An army of invasion was drilled for two years at Men- doza, and then San Martin in command of 4,000 men began, Jan. 17, 1817, his famous march over the Andes, leading his force through the Nepallata Pass, 12,800 feet high. On Feb. 12, 1817, he gained the victory of Chacobuco, which was followed by the capture and occupa- tion of Santiago, Feb. 15. He was de- feated on March 19, 1818, at Cancha Ra- yada, but gained a splendid victory on April 5 at the Maipo, which drove the Spaniards from Chile. He was offered the supreme directorship of Chile, but declined it and began preparations for the invasion of Peru. He organized a navy, and his small force of 4,500 men sailed for the Peruvian coast. After much adventurous manceuvering, this army captured and occupied Lima, July 9, 1821, and carried Callao through hard fighting soon after. On Aug. 3, San Martin was proclaimed supreme protec- tor of Peru. At this time Bolivar was leading an army S., and the success of the patriots was threatened by civil war. San Martin gave way to his rival, "for the good of the cause," so averting a contest which might have destroyed the country's independence. On July 26, 1822, he held an interview with Bolivar, after which he resigned his office to the Peruvian Congress, Sept. 22, leaving Bol- ivar to complete the independence of Peru. San Martin retired from South American affairs, went to France and lived there in reduced circumstances till his death in Boulogne, France, Aug. 17, 1850. SAN MATEO, a city of California, in San Mateo co. It is on San Francisco bay and on the Southern Pacific railroad. Its public institutions include a library, J city hall, clubs, etc. It is a residential city and has many beautiful homes. It has important salt, fishing, and agricul- tural interests. Pop. (1910) 4,384; (1920) 5,979. SAN MATIAS, GULF OF, an inden- ture of the Atlantic Ocean in the E. coast of Argentina. SAN MIGUEL, a city of the republic of Salvador, about 69 miles E. of San Salvador on the slope of the volcano of San Miguel or Jucuapa. It is well built and is a leading city of the republic, the trade center of a fertile agricultural ter- ritory, and the capital of the San Miguel department. It has several fine churches and open places and has important for- eign trade connections. Pop. about 30, 000. SAN PABLO BAY, an arm of the Pacific Ocean which penetrates Califor- nia and is connected with San Francisco bay. In it is Mare Island. It washes the shores of Sonoma, Contra Costa, and Marin counties. It is united with Suisun bay by the strait of Carquinez, the out- let of all the water which collects in the great central valley of the state. Length, 13 miles. SAN PAULO. See Sao Paulo. SAN RAFAEL, a city of California, the county seat of Marin co. It is on San Pablo bay and on the Northwestern Pacific railroad. It is a popular resort and contains the Hitchcock Military Academy, Mount Tamalpais Military Academy, a Dominican college, a high school, baths, etc. Pop. (1910) 5,934: (1920) 5,512. SAN SALVADOR, the capital of the republic of Salvador, Central America It is nearly in the center of the country. The city is for the most part attrac- tively built. Many of the large buildings are constructed of wood, among these being the cathedral. The noteworthy ed- ifices are the national palace, the presi- dent's house, the university, national library, astronomical observatory, and botanical garden. It is an important commercial center, having an extensive trade in agricultural products, especially indigo and tobacco. Pop. (1920) 80,100. SAN SALVADOR, a name given by Columbus to the first island he discov- ered in the New World, Oct. 12, 1492. This island was later identified with Cat island and still later with Watling island. SANS CULOTTES (French, without breeches). (1) A fellow without breech- es; a rough, ragged fellow. The name was applied in derision to the popular party by the aristocrats in the beginning of the revolution of 1789, and was after- ward assumed by the patriots as a title of honor. (2) A fierce republican. (3) A rough. SAN SEBASTIAN, a city and seaport in the N. E. of Spain; capital of the prov- ince of Guipuzcoa, partly on the side of Mount Urgull, which projects into the Bay of Biscay, and partly on the isthmus connecting it with the mainland. It was