Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 08.djvu/271

LEFT SAND 227 SANDAL WOOD and pebbles are ground against each other by water on sea-beaches or in any similar way. The colors of sand correspond to those of the minerals in the rocks from which they were detached. It may be red, white, gray, or black, but when quart- zose, as it often is, it is normally reddish- yellow, from oxide of iron. Sea-sand of- ten contains Foraminifera, spicules of sponges, minute fragments of shells, por< tions of the body of Echinoderms. (See Sandstone.) In the plural, tracts of land consisting of sand, as the deserts of Arabia or Africa ; also, tracts of sand left exposed by the ebb of the tide. SAND, GEORGE, best known name of Madame Armantine Lucile Aurore Du- pin Dudevant, one of the greatest of French novelists; born in Paris, July 5, 1804. She was the daughter of Maurice Dupin, an officer of the republican army, who was descended from a natural daugh- ter of Marshal Saxe. Till the age of 14 she was brought up at the Chateau of Nohant, near La Chatre (department of Indre), mostly under the care of her grandmother, afterward spending nearly three years in an Augustinian convent in Paris. In 1822 she married Baron Dudevant, to whom she bore a son and a daughter; but in 1831 separated from him, and took up her residence in Paris. In conjunction with Jules Sandeau, a young lawyer, she wrote "Rose and White," which was published in 1831, with the pseudonym Jules Sand The re- ception it met with afforded her an. op- portunity of publishing a novel solely by herself — "Indiana," under the name of George Sand, which she ever after re- tained. "Indiana" had a brilliant success, but excited much criticism by its extreme views on social questions. This was also the case with many others of her works. "Valentine," "Lelia," "Jacques," "Andre," "Leone Leoni," "Simon," "Mauprat," "The Last Aldine," "Lavinia," "Metalla," and others, appeared within the first few years after her debut. She visited Italy with Alfred de Musset; and lived eight years with Frederic Francois Chopin, the composer. These relations also influenced or occasioned some of her works (as "She and He," 1859). In 1836 she obtained a judicial separation from her husband, with the care of her children. She took an active interest in the Revolution of 1848, and contributed considerably to newspaper and other political literature. In 1854 she published "Story of My Life," a psychological autobiography. Among her later novels are : "The Man of Snow," "Sylvestre," "The Devil's Pool," "Fran- cois Champi," "Little Fadette," "Jean," "Teverino," "The God-daughter," "The Master Bellringers." Her published works consist of upward of 60 separate novels, a large number of plays, and numerous articles in literary journals. She died in Nohant, June 8, 1876. SANDAL, a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times, and which, in the Authorized Version of the Old Testament, is usually denoted by the word translated shoe. It was usually a sole of hide, leather, or wood, bound on the foot by thongs ; but it may sometimes denote such shoes and buskins as eventually came into use. In transferring a possession or domain, it was customary among the SANDALS Jews to deliver a sandal (Ruth iv. 7), as in our Middle Ages, a glove. Hence, the action of throwing down a shoe on a region or territory was a symbol of occu- pancy (Ps. lx. 8). It was undoubtedly the custom to take oft' the sandals on holy ground, in the act of worship, and in the presence of a superior. Hence the command to take the sandals from the feet under such circumstances (Exod. iii. 5; Josh. v. 15). This is still the well- known custom of the East — an Oriental taking off his shoe in cases in which a European would remove his hat. SANDAL WOOD, the wood of San talum album, a small, greatly branched, evergreen tree, with leaves opposite and entire, which have been compared to those of the myrtle, as the inflorescence, an axillary and terminal thyrsus, has been to that of the privet. The flowers are at first yellowish, but afterward of a deep ferruginous hue. Though they are inodorous, the wood when cut, especially near the root, is highly fragrant. It grows in the dry region of southern India, and in the islands of the Indian Archipelago. It is largely exported from India to China and Arabia, and, to a certain extent, to Europe. The heart wood is used in the East for carving, for incense, and for perfume. The seeds