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LEFT SALEM 208 SALEYER It quickly recovered, and by 1920 prac- tically all the burned section had been rebuilt. With the exception of Plymouth, Salem is the oldest settlement in New England. It is noted for its many his- torical interests. Its first house was erected by Roger Conant in 1626, and two years later John Endicott founded the first permanent settlement. The frame- work of the first church, built in 1634, is still intact. The witchcraft delusion arose here in 1692, and 19 persons were executed because of it. On Oct. 7, 1774, the Massachusetts House of Representa- tives with John Hancock in the chair met in Salem and declared the independence of that province. On Feb. 14, 1775, the British, in their search for war munitions, were foiled at the North Bridge and forced to withdraw; During the Revolu- tionary War over 150 privateers sailed from Salem and captured in all 445 Eng- lish vessels. In 1785 the first vessel from the United States to India and China left this port, and for many years Salem merchants had a monopoly of trade with those countries. Salem is also noted as the birthplace of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Pop. (1910) 43,697; (1920) 42,529. SALEM, a city and county-seat of Salem co., N. J. ; on Salem creek, and on the West Jersey and Seashore railroad; 32 miles S. of Philadelphia. Here are the Tyler public library, a high school, a Friends' meeting house, waterworks, elec- tric lights, National banks, and several weekly newspapers. The city has an iron foundry, oil cloth factory, hosiery mill, a number of vegetable and fruit canneries, and several large glass plants. Pop. (1910) 6,614; (1920) 7,435. SALEM, a city of Ohio, in Columbiana co. It is on the Pennsylvania and the Youngstown and Ohio railroads. It is the center of an important coal mining region and has manufactures of steel, engines, pumps, tools, motor boats, stoves, furniture, etc. Its notable institutions include a Carnegie library, city hospital, a home for aged women, a municipal building, and a park. Pop. (1910) 8,943; (1920) 10,305. SALEM, a city, capital of the State of Oregon, and county-seat of Marion co. ; on the Willamette river, and on the Southern Pacific, the Oregon Electric, and the Salem Falls City and Western railroads; 50 miles S. of Portland. Here are the State Capitol, the State Institu- tion for Deaf Mutes, the State Institution for the Blind, the State Penitentiary, the State Insane Asylum, the State Reform School, Willamette University, Indian Training School, public library, public hospital, waterworks, street railroads, electric lights, National and State banks, and daily, weekly and monthly periodi- cals. The city has daily steamer connec- tion with Portland during most of the year. It has foundries, lumber mills, machine shops, and manufactories of sashes and doors, woolen goods, farm tools, and leather goods. Pop. (1910) 14,094; (1920) 17,679. SALEM WITCHCRAFT. See WITCH- CRAFT. SALERATTJS, a salt intermediate in composition between a carbonate and a bicarbonate of potash, prepared from pearl-ash by exposing it to carbonic acid gas; much used in making bread, to neu- tralize acetic acid, or tartaric acid, and thus render the bread light by the escape of the carbonic acid gas. SALERNO (ancient Salernum), a city of southern Italy ; on the gulf of the same name, 33 miles S. E. of Naples. A hill behind the town is crowned by an old Norman castle. The beautiful Gothic cathedral of St. Matthew (whose bones were brought from Paestum in 954) was erected by the Normans (1076-1084), and has in front of it a quadrangle of por- phyry and granite pillars and inside it monuments of Gregory VII. and Margaret of Durazzo. One of its doors is of bronze, Byzantine work. The city was celebrated in the Middle Ages for its university (founded in 1150, closed in 1817), but especially for its school of medicine (Schola Salemitana), which was long the first in Europe. In the neighborhood are the ruins of P^ESTUM (q. v.). There are a couple of small harbors. Cotton is spun. Originally a Roman colony (194 B. C.), Salerno figures little in history till after it was taken by Robert Guiscard, who made it his capital. But the removal of the Norman court to Palermo and the sack of the city by the Emperor Henry VI. struck serious blows at its prosperity, and a third came from the decay of the medical school in the 14th century. Pop. about 49,000. SALERNO, GULF OF, a nearly semi- circular indentation, separated from the Bay of Naples by the promontory ending in Point Campanella. On its shores stand Amalfi and Salerno. SALEYER, or SALAYER, ISLANDS, a group of islands in the Indian Ocean; S. of Celebes, from which Great Saleyer is separated by the Saleyer Strait. They are about 70 in number ; pop. about 80,000 Mohammedan Malays governed by na- tive rajahs under a Netherlands agent. Ebony, tea, indigo, coffee, earth fruits, and cotton, are among the products.