Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 08.djvu/229

LEFT ST. ASAPH 185 ST. BERNARD of brigade; and in the early part of 1851 he carried on a bloody but successful war- fare with the Kabyles. Louis Napoleon, plotting the overthrow of the republic, was at this time on the lookout for reso- lute and unscrupulous accomplices; and he recalled General Saint Arnaud and ap- pointed him to the command of the second division of the city forces. On Oct. 25 Saint Arnaud became war minister, and took an active part in the arrangements for the coup d'etat of Dec. 2, and in the subsequent massacres at the barricades. For these services he was rewarded with the marshal's baton. On the breaking out of the Crimean War in 1854 he was intrusted with the command of the French forces, and co-operated with Lord Raglan in the battle of the Alma, Sept. 20. But nine days afterward he died on board ship, on his way home to France, Sept. 29, 1854. ST. ASAPH, a cathedral city of Flint- shire, North Wales, on an eminence be- tween the Elwy and Clwyd, 6 miles S. S. E. of Rhyl. The cathedral, 182 feet long, is the smallest in the kingdom, and, rebuilt after 1284, is a plain, cruciform, red sandstone structure, mainly Deco- rated in style, with a massive central tower 93 feet high, fine oak stalls. It was restored by Scott in 1867-1875. St. Kentigern is said to have founded about 560 a bishopric at Llanelwy, renamed St. Asaph after his favorite disciple. St. Asaph has a grammar school, founded about 1600, and rebuilt in 1882. Pop. about 7,000. ST. AUGUSTINE, a city, port of en- try, and county-seat of St. John co., Fla.; on the Matanzas river, near the At- lantic Ocean, on the Florida and East Coast Canal and the Florida East Coast railroad; 36 miles S. of Jacksonville. It occupies a peninsula formed by the Ma- tanzas river on the E. and the St. Sebas- tian river on the S. and W. Directly in front is Anastasia Island, forming a breakwater. Here are the State Institute for the Blind, Deaf, and Dumb, the Sis- ters of St. Joseph and St. Mary's Con- vents, Wilson Public Library, United States barracks, United States govern- ment building, the great Ponce de Leon, Cordova, and Alcazar hotels, and two newspapers. The chief industries are the manufacture of cigars and palmetto straw goods, dairying and the growing of agri- cultural and horticultural products. The city, however, is principally of importance as a winter resort. The climate is mild and equable, there being only a few days in winter when invalids cannot take reg- ular out-door exercise. The gardens and squares are full of palmettoes, Spanish daggers, orange and citron trees, date palms, magnolia, and bananas. St. Au- gustine is the oldest town in the United States, a fort having been built here by the Spaniards in 1565. As early as 1512 Ponce de Leon landed near the site of the city. In 1763 it became a British pos- session, and during the Revolutionary War was an important military depot. Later it again passed into the hands of Spain, and was ceded to the United States in 1821. Pop. (1910) 5,494; (1920) 6,192. ST. BARTHOLOMEW, or ST. BAR- THELEMY, a French West Indian island, 190 miles E. of Porto Rico; area, 8 square miles. The treeless surface rises to 1,003 feet; the climate is very dry. French from 1648 till 1784, the island then was Swedish till 1877, when it was bought back by France for $55,000. ST. BARTHOLOMEW, MASSACRE OF, a massacre of the Huguenots which took place in Paris, France, beginning on the night of August 23-24 (St. Bartholo- mew's day), 1572. A large number of prominent Huguenots had been invited to the royal palace to participate in the wedding festivities of Henry of Navarre. While these guests were in the palace they were slaughtered without mercy, and at a signal the massacre quickly spread over the city. The anti-Huguenot leaders were Charles IX., the queen-mother Catharine de Medici, and the Duke of Guise. It has been said that the queen-mother insti- gated the king to his fatal persecution of the Huguenots. Coligny was the princi- pal victim of the St. Bartholomew mas- sacre, probably as much for political as for religious reasons. The massacre spread over France and about 30,000 lives were lost. A religious war immediately followed. It is disputed whether the mas- sacre was deliberately planned or was the sudden result of the discovery of Hu- guenot plots, though the evidence points largely to the former. SAINT BERNARD, a city of Ohio in Hamilton co. It is on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern, the Cleveland, Cin- cinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis, and the Norfolk and Western railroads, and on the Miami and Erie Canal. It is a suburb of Cincinnati. Its chief industries are soap factories and fertilizer plants. Pop. (1910) 5,002; (1920) 6,312. ST. BERNARD, the name of two mountain passes in the Alps. (1) Great St. Bernard is on the road between Aosta in Piedmont and Martigny in the Swiss canton of Valais, and is 8,120 feet above sea-level. Almost on its crest stands the celebrated hospice founded in 962 by Ber- nard de Menthon, a neighboring noble- man, for the benefit of pilgrims journey-