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LEFT RTJSTCHUK 160 RUTHERFORD In botany, a disease of plants, which shows itself on the stems and leaves of many plants, and on the ears of grasses, both of the cereal grasses and of many pasture and forage grasses, in brown, yellow, or orange colored spots, and af- ter destroying the epidermis of the plant assumes the form of a powder which soils the fingers when touched. RTJSTCHUK, a town of Bulgaria; on the right bank of the Danube, where that river is joined by the Lorn, opposite Giurgevo, and 42 miles S. W. of Bu- charest. Pop. about 36,000. RUSTIC WORK, an imitation of rough or primitive work; furniture for sum- mer houses and lawns, made of limbs and trees, taking advantage of natural crooks to form the shapes desired. RUTACE.ffi, rueworts; the typical or- der of Rutales; trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite or alternate, simple or compound leaves, covered with pellu- cid resinous dots; calyx in four or five divisions; petals as many, distinct or combined into a tube, or wanting; tribes, Cuspariex, Pilocarpese, Boronicse, Eudi- osmese, Dictamnex, Rutese, and perhaps Cneorese. Genera, according to Lindley, 47; species, 400. RUTGERS COLLEGE, an educational institution in New Brunswick, N. J.; founded in 1766, under the auspices of the Dutch Reformed Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and in- structors, 75; students, 460; volumes in the library, about 100,000; number of graduates, 2,900; president, William H. S. Demarest, LL.D. RUTH, a canonical book now placed in the Hagiographa of the Old Testa- ment, between the Song of Solomon and the Lamentations. The English Bible, following the Septuagint and the Vul- gate, arranges it between the Books of Judges and Samuel. During the times of the Judges, a certain Elimelech, of Bethlehem-Judah, i. e., of Bethlehem in Judah, as distinguished from Beth-le- hem in Zebulun (Josh. xix. 15), to es- cape a famine then raging, went to Moab with his wife Naomi, and his two sons, Mahlon and Chilion, who married two Moabitesses, Orpah and Ruth. There all the male members of the family died, and the widowed Naomi, hearing that the famine was over, thought of return- ing home. Orpah, after starting with her, was prevailed on to return; Ruth, the heroine of the narrative, could not be persuaded to go back, and having, after reaching Bethlehem, gone into the fields as a gleaner, she attracted the notice of Boaz, an aged kinsman, with whom she made a romantic marriage, ultimately becoming the great-grand- mother of King David and an ancestress of Jesus Christ (Matt. i. 5). The Book of Ruth is a beautiful idyllic composi- tion. It was penned not earlier than the time of David (ch. iv. 22), and probably much later, for there had been time for customs existent in the days of Boaz and Ruth to change. The narrative is in pure Hebrew, but there are Aramseanisms in the dialogues. Most critics place its composition before, but Ewald during, the Exile. Its canonicity has never been doubted. RUTHENIANS, a Slavonic branch of Little Russians. About 3,500,000 dwell in Galicia, over 400,000 in Hungary, and 300,000 in Bukowina. Most of them now belong to the new state of Czecho-Slovakia. RUTHENIUM, a tetrad metallic ele- ment discovered by Osann in 1828, in the platinum ores from the Ural, and first isolated by Claus in 1845. Symbol, Ru.; at. wt., 101.7. It occurs chiefly in osmi- ridium, and is separated from the latter by heating to redness a mixture of this ore and common salt in a current of moist chlorine. By digestion in cold water an extract is obtained from which ammonia throws down the oxides of ru- thenium and osmium. The latter is expelled by heat, and the former con- verted into ruthenate of potassium by fusion with potash, which yields oxide of ruthenium on addition of nitric acid. On ignition in a stream of hydrogen the oxide is reduced to the metallic state in the form of porous fragments. With the exception of osmium it is the most refractory of all metals, but can be fused in the hottest part of the oxy- hydrogen blowpipe. It then has a den- sity of 11 to 11.4, and is scarcely at- tacked by nitro-muriatic acid. RUTHERFORD, a borough of New Jersey, in Bergen co. It lies between the Passaic and Hackensack rivers, and is on the Erie railroad. It is almost entirely a residential place. Pop. (1910) 7,045; (1920) 9,497. RUTHERFORD, SIR ERNEST, a British physicist, born in Nelson, New Zealand, in 1870. He was educated at Nelson College, and at Canterbury Col- lege, New Zealand, and took post-grad- uate courses at Trinity College, Cam- bridge. He was professor of physics at McGill University, from 1898 to 1907, and was professor and director of the physical laboratory at the University of Manchester. He received the Rumford medal from the Royal Society in 1904, and the Barnard medal in 1910. In 1908 he received the Bressa prize from the