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LEFT ROME 105 ROME 000 volumes). The Collegio de Propa- ganda Fide has acquired great celebrity as the establishment where Roman Cath- olic missionaries are trained. The Acca- demia di San Luca, for the promotion of the fine arts, is composed of painters, sculptors, and architects, and was found- ed in 1577 and reorganized in 1874. Connected with it are a picture gallery and schools of the fine arts. Other as- sociations and institutions connected with art, science, or learning are numerous; one of them, the Accademia de' Lincei, founded in 1603 by Galileo and his con- temporaries, is the earliest scientific so- ciety of Italy. Besides the Vatican and Vittorio Emanuele libraries mentioned above, the chief are the Biblioteca Ca- sanatense; the Biblioteca Angelica, and the Biblioteca Berberini. For elemen- tary education much has been done since the papal rule came to an end. Hospi- tals and other charitable foundations are numerous. The chief theaters in- clude the Teatro Apollo, Teatro Ar- gentina, Teatro Valle, the Capranica, Metastasio, Rossini, and the Costanzi. Trade and Manufactures — The exter- nal trade is unimportant, and is carried on chiefly by rail, the Tiber being navi- gated only by small craft. There are railway lines connecting with the gen- eral system of Italy; and steamers from Civita Vecchia to Naples, Leghorn, and Genoa. The chief manufactures are woolen and silk goods, artificial flowers, earthenware, jewelry, musical strings, mosaics, casts, and objects of art. The trade is chiefly in these articles, and in olive oil, pictures, and antiquities. History. — The ancient history of Rome has already been given. From the down- fall of the empire its history is mainly identified with that of the papacy. An important event in its history is its cap- ture and sack by the troops of the Con- stable of Bourbon in 1527. In 1798 Rome was occupied by the French, who stripped the palaces, churches, and con- vents of many works of art and objects of value. Pope Pius VI. was taken prisoner to France, where he soon after- ward died, and a Roman republic was set up. In 1848 Pope Pius IX. was driven from Rome, and another Roman republic formed under Mazzini and Ga- ribaldi. A French army was sent to the Pope's assistance, and after a determined resistance Rome was captured by the French in July, 1849, and the Pope re- turned and resumed his power under the protection of French bayonets (April, 1850). The rule of the Pope continued till October, 1870, when Rome was occu- pied by the Italian troops on the down- fall of the French empire, and in June, 1871, the "Eternal City'' became the capital of united Italy. The king took up his residence in the Quirinal; and to accommodate the legislature and various public departments numei*ous conventual establishments were expropriated. The population of the city has of late vastly increased. In 1870 it was 226,022; in 1881, 276,463; in 1901, 424,860; and in 1920, about 534,000. ROME, AMERICAN ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS IN, a division of the Amer- ican Academy in Rome, a consolidation of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome, founded in 1895, and the American Academy of Fine Arts in Rome, originated in 1894 and formally organized and incorporated in 1897. The American Academy of Fine Arts in Rome was created as an institution to serve the national need for acquaintance with the classical sources and atmos- phere. Begun under the impetus and inspiration of the World's Fair and sup- ported by such men as McKim and Burn- ham, it soon became a vital force in the art world of America, receiving and training many of our best artists, archi- tects, and sculptors at the Villa Aurora in Rome. In 1909 the Academy accepted the bequest of Mrs. Heyland, an Amer- ican lady resident in Rome and long a generous patron of the society, and moved the school to the beautiful Villa Aurelia, a home of peculiar fitness for its work, both by equipment and loca- tion. Here it has continued its work, offering instruction and criticism to stu- dents in the more advanced fields of architecture, painting, landscape archi- tecture, and sculpture. Annual fellow- ships of generous amount are offered by the Academy to American students of exceptional attainment and promise in the several divisions of art above men- tioned, and the Academy has already made its influence apparent in the mod- ern art world of America by the note- worthy accomplishments of its graduates. ROME, AMERICAN COLLEGE IN, a Catholic institution in Rome, Italy, es- tablished in 1859, for the education of American ecclesiastics. The prime mov- ers in the project were Archbishop Hughes of New York and Archbishop Kenrick of Baltimore, and the first pres- ident was the Rev. William George Mc- Closkey, later Bishop of Louisville. The money required for the establishment and conduct of the college was mainly contributed from the United States, though Pope Pius IX. bought and pre- sented to the American bishops as the nucleus of the foundation the old Visita- tion Convent of the Umilta, then occu- pied by the soldiers of the French gar- rison in Rome. The college was formally