Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 07.djvu/83

LEFT OBSINI 51 ORTHOPTERA manufacture of violet powder, and for scenting snuffs. ORSINI, one of the most illustrious, and powerful families of Italy. It be- came known about the 11th century, and had already acquired high rank and ex- tensive possessions in the Papal States when one of its members, Giovanni Gae- tano, was raised to the pontificate under the title of Nicholas III. (1277-1280). The feud between the Orsini and Colonna families is celebrated in history. Many of the Orsini became famous military chiefs. Vincenzo Marco Orsini (Bene- dict XIII.) succeeded Innocent XIII. as Pope in 1724. The Orsini family is now divided into two branches, the Orsini- Gravina at Rome and the Orsini of Pied- mont. ORSINI, CARDINAL. See Bene- dict XIII. ORSOVA, the name ol two towns on the Danube near the Iron Gates. Old Orsova, a Hungarian place, is 478 miles S. E. of Vienna, and is a station for the Danube steamers. New Orsova, on the Serbian side, is a fortified town held by Austria (since 1878), who also were mas- ters of it between 1716 and 1738; the Turks held it both before 1716 and after 1738. In 1890-1896 a costly canal and other works were made for facilitating navigation at the rocky bend called the Iron Gates. ORTEGAL, CAPE, the N. W. point of Spain. ORTH, SAMUEL PETER, an Ameri- can educator, born at Capac, Mich., in 1873. Graduated Oberlin College in 1896 and took post gn^aduate courses at the University of Michigan and Colum- bia University. From 1897 to 1902 he was professor of political and social sci- ence of Buchtel College. From 1903 to 1912 he practiced law in Cleveland. In the latter year he became professor of political science in Cornell University, and was lecturer on law and economic subjects in several colleges and univer- sities. He was president of the Board of Education in Cleveland in 1904. He accompanied the Cook Arctic expedition to Greenland in 1894 and wrote "Five American Politicians" (1903); "Social- ism and Democracy in Europe" (1913) ; "Imperial Impulse" (1916). ORTHEZ, a town in the French de- partment of Basses-Pyrenees, on the bank of the Gave de Pau, 41 miles E. of Bayonne. The "Tower of Moncade" (1240), the stately castle of the counts of Foix, which Froissart visited in 1388, was reduced to a ruin by Richelieu. Near Orthez Wellington gained a decis- ive victory over Soult, Feb. 27, 1814. ORTHOCLASE, in mineralogy, a monoclinic species of the felspar group of unisilicates. Dana distinguishes the following varieties: 1. Ordinary, (1) adularia, including moonstone and valen- cianite; (2) sunstone, or aventurine fel- spar; (3) necronite; (4) amazon stone, now referred to microcoline; (5) ery- thrite; (6) sanidine, or glassy felspar; (7) chesterlite, now referred to micro- cline; (8) microcline of breithaupt; (9) loxoclase; (10) paradoxite; (11) cot- taite; (12) muldan; (13) lazurf elspar ; (14) perthite; (15) murchisonite. 2. Compact orthoclase or orthoclase-felsite, including massive kinds constituting rocks; it is an essential constituent of many rocks, granites, gneisses, syenites, etc. ORTHODOX, holding the right or true faith; sound in opinion or doctrine; especially in religious opinions or doc- trines ; opposed to heterodox and heret- ical. ORTHOEPY, the art of uttering words correctly; correct speech or pro- nunciation. ORTHOGRAPHY, the art, practice, or habit of spelling words correctly ac- cording to the recognized usage; correct or proper spelling; as, the orthography of a word. Also that part of grammar which deals with the nature and proper- ties of letters. In architecture and draughting, the elevation of a building, showing all the parts thereof in their true proportions; the orthography is either external or internal. The ex- ternal is the delineation of the outer face or front of a building; the internal is a section of the same. ORTHOP-ffiDIA, a branch of medical science relating to the cure of natural deformities. Orthopaedia is divided into prophylactic or preventive, and thera- peutic or curative. The object of the former is to prevent deformities in in- fants, and is obtained by hygienic means, such as pure air, careful nursing, ana suitable food, clothing, and exercise ; that of the latter is to correct deformities al- ready existing by mechanical treatment. ORTHOPTERA, in entomology an order of the class Insecta, having four densely reticulated wings, the anterior more or less coriaceous, the posterior folded under them, and membranous; sometimes apterous. In the most typi- cal groups the wings are deflexed and closely applied to the body. Mouth man- dibulate, metamorphosis incomplete.