Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 07.djvu/68

LEFT OBDEAL TREE 38 ORDERS ORDEAL TREE, in botany: Of Guinea, Erythrophhseum guineense; of Madagascar, Cerbera tanguin. The fruit, which is poisonous, is given in some kind of broth to the accused per- son. If he recover, he is deemed inno- cent ; if he die, this is to be held to prove his guilt. ORDER, in archaeology, the different modes of architectural treatment adopted by the ancients in constructing their pub- lic edifices and buildings of the higher class. They are usually separated into five, principally distinguished from each other by the proportions of their columns and the kind of capitals employed, but also by the relative proportions and dec- orative parts of their entablatures, as well as other minor features. They are known as the Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan and Composite. In ecclesiastical affairs, in the Roman Church, "a Sacra- ment of the New Law by which spiritual power is given, and grace conferred for the performance of sacred duties." The Council of Trent (sess. xxiii.) asserted, and anathematized those who denied (1) that there was a real priesthood in the New Law; (2) that, besides the priest- hood, there were grades of orders; (3) that Order was a Sacrament instituted by Christ; (4) that the Holy Ghost was given and a character conferred at or- dination; (5) that unction was properly used in ordination; (6) that there was a divinely appointed hierarchy in the Roman Church; (7) that bishops were superior in power to priests, and were the ministers of Confirmation and Or- der; and (8) that bishops appointed by the Roman Pontiffs were true and legiti- mate bishops. The doctrine of Apostoli- cal Succession is a necessary deduction from the view that Order is a Sacra- ment. Orders in the Roman Church are divided into two classes: Sacred, or Major, and Minor Orders. In the East the number of orders has varied at dif- ferent times, but in the Greek, Coptic, and Nestorian Churches the orders rec- ognized are those of bishop, priest, dea- con, subdeacon, and reader. Anglicans acknowledge three : bishops, priests, and deacons. The validity of Anglican Or- ders is denied by the Roman Church. English clerics entering that church, and wishing to become priests, must be or- dained by a Roman bishop. In geom- etry, rank or class. In analysis, magni- tudes are classed into orders, depending upon the degree of their equations. AH algebraic magnitudes whose equations are of the first degree are of the first order; those whose equations are of the second, third, etc., degrees, are r»sr)ec- tively of the second, third, etc., orders. In natural science, the designation given to the division immediately below £ class or sub-class and next above a tribe or a family. In rhetoric, the placing of words and members in a sentence in such a manner as to contribute to force and beauty of expression, or to the clear illustration of the subject. ORDERS, MILITARY, fraternities or societies of men banded together in former times for military and partly for patriotic or Christian purposes. Free birth and an irreproachable life were the conditions of admission. The chief were the Templars, the Teutonic Knights, and the order of St. John of Jerusalem. ORDERS, RELIGIOUS, associations, the members of which band themselves to lead strict and devotional lives, and to live separate from the world. Prior to their formation there were only the hermits or anchorites (see Monastery). The entry into religious orders from their foundation to the present time, is preceded by the taking of the monastic vow, which enjoins residence in a mon- astery, celibacy, renunciation of worldly pleasures, the duty of prayer, fasting, and other austerities, and unconditional obedience to superiors. The first prop- erly constituted religious order was founded in the 4th century by St. Basil, now chiefly confined to the Greek Church in the East. In the time of Justinian (530), St. Benedict established a new order, the Benedictines, under a set of rules based principally on those of St. Basil, and for some 600 years after the greatest number of European monks fol- lowed his statutes. According to some authorities as many as 23 orders sprang from this one. About 1220 the Domini- cans and Franciscans originated by tak- ing amended rules from their leaders. These rules, especially those of the Dom- inic'ans, were more austere, including perpetual silence, total abstinence from flesh, and the wearing of woolen only, and they were not allowed to receive money, and had to subsist on alms, be- ing thus "mendicant" orders. Modified orders of the Benedictines are, for in- stance, the Camaldulians or Camaldo- lites, the Carthusians, the Celestines, the Cistercians, the Bernardines, Feuillants, Recollets, the nuns of Port Royal, and the Trappists. In the 8th century the monks began to be viewed as members of the clerical order, and in the 10th, by receiving permission to assume the ton- sure, they were formally declared clergy- men. The Prsemonstratenses, Servites, Augustines, Hieronymites or Jerony- mites, Jesuits, and Carmelites are regu-