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LEFT RAYAH 443 SAYNAL of Plants" (1682); "Catalogue of the Plants of England" (1670), the basis of all the subsequent floras of Great Brit- ain; and "History of Plants" (1686- 1704). His zoological works include the "Methodical Synopsis of Animals" (1893). Ray died in Black Notley, Jan. 17, 1705. BAYAH, in Turkey, a person not a Mohammedan, who pays the capitation tax, called the haratch. RAYLEIGH, JOHN STRUTT, 3rd EARON, an English scientist; born in Essex, England, Nov. 12, 1842; was graduated, as senior wrangler, at Cam- bridge, in 1865; succeeded to the title of baron in 1873; in 1884 was president of the British Association; successor to Professor Tyndall as Professor of Nat- ural Philosophy, in the Royal Institu- tion, London, in 1887; Professor of Ex- perimental Physics in the University of Cambridge (1879-1884). Columbia Col- lege, New York, bestowed on him the Barnard medal for "meritorious service to science" since he shares with Ramsay the merit of discovering the element Argon (q. v.). He published scientific papers of great value; also "The Theory of Sound" (1877-1878). Awarded Nobel prize for physics (1904); Lord Chancel- lor of Cambridge, 1908. He died in 1919. RAYMOND, the name of seven Counts of Toulouse. Raymond I. reigned 852- 865. Raymond VI., son of Raymond V., born in 1156, succeeded 1194, and, being a friend of the Albigenses, was twice excommunicated, 1208 and 1211, and de- spoiled of his estates by Simon de Mont- fort, 1218; died 1222. Raymond VIL, son of Raymond VI., and last Count of Toulouse, was born 1197, and after struggling with his father for the re- covery of his possessions, vanquished Simon de Montfort in 1224. He was so enfeebled by these continual wars, how- ever, that he submitted to a humiliating peace with the Pope and the King of France in 1229. He died 1242, leaving his estates to his only daughter, Jeanne, who had married Alphonse, Count of Poitiers, brother of Louis IX. RAYMOND, BRADFORD PAUL, an American clergyman; born in Stamford, Conn., April 22, 1846; was educated at Hamline University, Minn., and Lawrence University, Wis., and was graduated at the Theological School of Boston Uni- versity and ordained in the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1874. He held pas- torates in New Bedford, Mass., Provi- dence, R. I., and in Nashua, N. H., and was president of Lawrence University from 1883 to 1889, resigning to become president of Wesleyan University, Mid- dletown. Conn. Died 1916. RAYMOND, HENRY JARVIS, an American journalist; born in Lima, N. Y., Jan. 24, 1820; was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1840; soon aft- erward removed to New York; and, while studying law, taught the classics and wrote for the "New Yorker." In 1841 he became managing editor of the New York "Tribune," and afterward leading editor of the New York "Courier and Enquirer." In 1849 he was elected to the State Assembly; was re-elected and made speaker. In 1851, he established the New York "Times." In 1852 he be- came a delegate to the Baltimore Con- vention, and in 1856 a leader of the Republican party, and was chosen lieu- tenant-governor of New York. He was a delegate to the Chicago Convention of 1860; was again elected to the State Leg:islature, and, in 1864, was chosen as representative from New York to the 39th Congress. He subsequently, in 1866, was the leading spirit of the Wig- wam Convention in Philadelphia, the resolutions of which body were from his pen. He died in New York, June 18, 1869. RAYMOND, JEROME HALL, an American educator; born in Clinton, la., March 10, 1869; was graduated at the Northwestern University in 1892; was private secretary to George M. Pullman in 1889-1890; traveled in Europe and Asia; made the circuit of the world in 1890-1892; was professor of history and political science at Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis., in 1893-1894; accepted the chair of sociology and was made sec- retary of the University Extension De- partment at the University of Wiscon- sin in 1895; served as president and professor of economics and sociology at the West Virginia University in 1897- 1901; and in the latter year became associate professor of sociology at the University of Chicago. RAYMOND, JOHN T., right name John O'Brien, an American actor; born in Buffalo, N. Y., April 5, 1836. He was educated for a mercantile life. He first appeared on the stage as Lopez in the "Honeymoon," June 27, 1853, in Rochester. The following year he played Timothy Quaint in the "Soldier's Dauprh- ter." His greatest characters were those of Asa Trenchard in "Our Ameri- can Cousin" and Colonel Sellers in the "Gilded Age." He died in Evansville, Ind., April 10, 1887. RAYNAL, GUILLAUME THOMAS FRANCOIS, known as the Abbe Raynal, a French historian and political writer;