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LEFT PHILIPPIUM 225 PHILLIPS ippines and in the United States. The American Congress has expressed a de- sire to give their independence to the Filipinos when they had reached a sta^e of development which would justify it. Native leaders who desire the independ- ence urge that this point has already been reached. On the whole, the people of the islands have been satisfied ^vith American rule. They have reached the point of economic and intellectual development which they failed to achieve during the hundreds of years of Spanish domination. During the World War a regiment was organ- ized and although it was not called upon for active service it was ready to give such services if they were needed. Population. — The last census of the islands was taken in 1918, when the pop- ulation was 10,350,640. Of these about 8,500,000 are Christians, 316,000 Mo- hammedan, and 620,000 pagan. The population of Manila, the chief city, in 1918, was 283,613, of whom 245,500 were Filipinos. Exclusive of the Army and Navy, there are about 5,000 Americans in the islands, chiefly in Manila. PHILIPPIUM, an element closely allied to cerium. Though described by Delafontain in 1888 as a newly discov- ered element, it was not till 1897 that it was acknowledged to be such by English chemists. Philippium has been found in gadolinite, samarskite and fergusonite. PHILIPPOPOLIS, Bulgaria, on the navigable Maritza; 110 miles W. by N. of Adrianople. It manufactures silk, cotton, tobacco, leather, etc., and pre- pares and exports attar of roses. An outpost of the Macedonian kingdom, it was ruined by the Goths, captured by the Turks (1363), destroyed by an earth- quake (1818), burned (1846), and oc- cupied by the Russians 1878. Pop. about 50,000, of whom nearly half are Turks, Greeks, and others than Bulgarians. PHILISTINES, an ancient people, descended^ from Ham, the son of Noah. They emigrated at a very early date from Egypt into Syria, called after them Philistia, and afterward Palestine, though they possessed only the portion on the S. coast bounded by the hilly coun- tries of Ephraim and Judah, and extend- ing S. W. to the confines of Egypt. Their chief city, Gaza, is mentioned as early as 2218 B. c. They reduced the Israelites to subjection 1156 B. c. (Judges xiii: 1), but were compelled to set them at liberty by Samson, who destroyed their chief nobility by pulling down the temple where they were assembled, 1117 b. c. (Judges xvi: 30). In the time of Wi, 1116 B. c. (I Sam. iv: 11), they seized the ark of the Lord, which they were compelled to restore by the miraculous plagues it brought upon them; and they sustained a severe defeat from Samuel at Mizpeh, 1096 B. c. (I Sam. vii: 2-13). In the reign of Saul they harassed the Israelites (I Sam. xiv: 52), and the death of that monarch occurred while fighting against them in Mount Gilboa, 1055 B. C. (1 Sam. xxxi: 4). David gained several victories over the Philis- tines, and Jehoshaphat made them tribu- tary to him, 912 B. c. (II Chron. xvii: 11). In the reign of Jehoram they in- vaded Judah, and carried away the king's wives and sons into captivity, 887 B. c. (II Chron. xxi: 17). They again invaded Judah, and took Bethshemesh and Ajalon, 740 B. c. (II Chron. xxviii: 18), Their country was invaded by the Assyrians and the Egyptians, who took their strong city of Ashdod. Pompey incorporated Philistia in the Roman province of Syria, 62 B. c. PHILLIPS, DAVID GRAHAM, an American newspaper man and novelist. Bom in 1867 in Madison, Ind., and graduated from Princeton at twenty years of age. He soon became a re- porter on the staff of the New York "Sun." For a few years he was the pri- vate secretary of Joseph Pulitzer, the owner and founder of the "World." He also became the London correspondent of that newspaper, and later one of its chief editorial writers. In 1901, with the publication of his first novel he ceased newspaper work to give himself up en- tirely to the writing of novels, dealing mainly with pressing social and ethical problems. He was killed by a lunatic on Jan. 24, 1911. Among the best of his novels are: "The Hungry Heart" (1909); "The Second Generation" (1907) ; "The Fortune Hunter" (1906) ; "The Worth of a Woman" (1908). PHILLIPS, STEPHEN, an English poet. Born at Oxford in 1868; entered Queen's College, Cambridge, in 1886. For a few years he joined a company of play- ers and played in Shakespearean drama, playing in the Globe Theater in London as well as in other large cities of Eng- land. After leaving the stage he turned to literature. In 1890 appeared a volume of verse, "Primavera." In the few suc- ceeding years appeared "Christ in Hades," and a volume entitled "Poems" which contained "Marpessa," which in some respects is his best work. These volumes won him the prize from the Lon- don Academy for the best verse of the year. Phillips also wrote some dramas, the mo^^t famous of which are: "Ulysses"