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LEFT PHILIP 220 PHILIP PHILIP, the name of various Euro- pean rulers, as follows: MACEDON The name of five kings, the most cele- brated of whom was Philip II., father of Alexander the Great, and son of Amyn- thas II.; born 382 B. C. He was brought up at Thebes, and began to reign after the death of his brother, Perdiccas III., in 359. With great ability, energy, and success, he first secured the internal peace, improved the discipline of his army, and created the famous phalanx. He aspired to make himself master of all the states of Greece, and then to in- vade and conquer Persia. The siege and capture of Amphipolis, Pydna, and Poti- dsea took place between 358-356. Four years later, after taking Methone, and subduing Lycophron, tyrant of Pherae, he advanced toward Greece, but his course was stayed at Thermopylae by the Athe- nians. The same year Demosthenes deliv- ered the first of his famous orations ("Philippics") against the Macedonian conqueror. Philip took Olynthus in 347, after a war of three years; soon after made peace with the Athenians, con- quered Phocis, and closed the Sacred War. In 340 he besieged Perinthus and Byzantium, but the Athenians, aroused by the successive appeals of their great orator, sent an expedition under Phocion, and Philip had to raise the sieges in the following year. But the crisis of Greek independence was at hand; the victory of Chaeronea, over the allied Athenians and Thebans, 338, made Philip master of Greece. In 336 he was assassinated at .^gea. ROME Philip, born in Arabia about 204, and having entered into the military service of the Romans, became praetorian prefect 243. The emperor Gordian was com- pelled to receive him as a colleague on the throne by the army which had con- quered Sapor, King of Persia ; and in the following year, 244, Philip assumed the whole authority by putting his rival to death. He was killed in battle by the soldiers of Decius in 249. GERMANY Philip, the youngest son of Frederick Barbarossa; bom in 1178, became king of Suabia and Tuscany after the death of his father, 1190, and emperor after the death of his brother, Henry IV., 1198. He was assassinated in 1208, and succeeded by Otho IV. FRANCE Philip I., son of Henry I. and Anne of Russia; born in 1052, and succeeded to the throne under the guardianship of Baldwin V., count of Flanders, 1060; died, after a troubled reign, mixed up with the affairs of William the Con- queror, in 1108. Philip II., surnamed Augustus, son of Louis VII. and of Alix, daughter of Thi- bault. Count of Champagne; born in 1165, succeeded his father 1180, accom- panied Richard Coeur de Lion to the Holy Land, 1190, invaded Normandy during Richard's captivity, 1193, confiscated the possessions of King John in France, after the supposed murder of Arthur, 1203, prepared to invade England at the in- stance of the Pope, 1213, turned his arms against Flanders, and gained the cele- brated battle of Bouvines, 1214, and dier in 1223. Philip III., called the Hardy, the sot of Louis IX. and Margaret of Provence. He was born in 1245, and succeeded his father in 1270. In 1271 he possessed himself of Toulouse; in 1272 he repressed the revolt of Roger, Count of Foix, and in 1276 sustained a war against Al- phonso X., King of Castile. The inva- sion of Sicily by Peter of Aragon, and the massacre of the French, known as the "Sicilian Vespers," caused him to make war against that prince, in the course of which he died in 1285. Philip IV., called the Fair, son of the preceding by his first wife, Isabella of Aragon; born in 1268, and succeeded his father 1285. He was engaged in wars with the English and Flemings, and in a quarrel with the Pope, in the course of which he was excommunicated. In 1303 the States-General were first assembled. In 1312 he suppressed the Templars. He died in 1314. Philip V., called the Long, second son of the preceding; born about 1293, and succeeded to the throne in virtue of the Salic^ law, which excluded the daughter of his brother Louis X., who died in 1316. In his reign a cruel persecution began against the Jews, in the midst of which he died, in 1322. Philip VI., called De Valois, was son of Charles, Count of Valois, a younger son of Philip the Hardy; born in 1293, and succeeded Charles le Bel, 1328. In his reign occurred the wars with Edward III. of England, who claimed the French crown, as grandson, by his mother, of Philip the Fair. Philip lost the battle of Cressy in 1346, when 30,000 men, and the chief of his nobility, were slain. He died during a truce with the English, in 1350. SPAIN Philip I., surnamed the Handsome; born in 1478, was the son of Maximilian I., Emperor of Germany; and by his mar- riage with the heiress of Ferdinand V.,