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LEFT PAIiESTRINA 87 PALGEAVE Apennines. It contains the chief castle of the Colonnas and the palace of the Barberini family, the owners after 1630. It is built almost entirely upon the gi- gantic substructions of the ancient Tem- ple of Fortune, one of the greatest re- ligious edifices in all Italy, celebrated not only for its splendor, but also for its oracle, Avhich was consulted down to the time of Constantine. Its elevated and healthy situation, at no great distance from the capital, made it a favorite sum- mer resort of the Romans. Augustus and Tiberius frequented it; Horace found it a pleasant retreat; Hadrian built there an extensive villa; and Antonius erected a palace. Numerous valuable works of art and other remains have been re- covered, dating principally from the 8th, and from the 3d and 2d centuries B. C. PALESTRINA, GIOVANNI PIETRO ALOYSIO DA, an Italian musician and composer; born in Palestrina, an ancient city 20 miles from Rome, in 1529; and was admitted into the Pope's Chapel in 1559. This musician holds the most prominent rank as a composer of ec- clesiastical music of that age, his mo- tets, masses, and chants being still in use. Palestrina has been regarded as the Homer of ancient music and the fath- er of choral melody. He died in 1594. PALEY, WILLIAM, an English the- ologian; born in Peterborough, in 1743. He was appointed archdeacon of Carlisle, 1782; prebendary of St. Paul's, London, 1794; dean of Lincoln, 1795. His prin- cipal writings are: "Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy" (1785) ; "Horae Paulinae; or, "The Truth of the Scripture History of St. Paul Evinced," etc. (1791) ; "View of the Evidences of Chris- tianity" (1794), his most celebrated work ; "Natural Theology; or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity Collected from the Appearances of Na- ture" (1802), in some respects the most remarkable of all his writings. He died May 25, 1805. PALFREY, JOHN GORHAM, an American clergyman; born in Boston, May 2, 1796. He was graduated at Har- vard; as pastor of Brattle Street Uni- tarian Church, Boston; professor in Harvard, 1830-1839; member of the State Legislature, 1842-1843; secretary of State of Massachusetts, 1844-1848; and member of the Anti-Slavery Con- gress at Paris, 1867. He published "The Relation betw'een Judaism and Christianity" (1854). His enduring work, however, is, "The History of New England" (4 vols. 1858-1864). He died in Cambridge, Mass., April 26, 1881. PALGHAT, a town in the district of Malabar, Madras, India. It has several important educational institutions and a Swiss Protestant Mission. There is considerable trade in grain, tobacco, lum- ber, and oil. Pop. about 45,000. PALGRAVE, SIR FRANCIS, an English historian; born in London, Eng- land, in 1788. He was a Jew, and his original name was Cohen, which he changed to Palgrave on embracing Chris- tianity in 1823. He was called to the bar in 1827, and made himself known by his edition of the "Parliamentary Writs from 1273 to 1327" (1827-1834); "His- tory of England" (1831); "Rise and Progress of the Commonwealth" (1832). In 1832 he was knighted. His other works include "Truths and Fictions of the Mid- dle Ages" (1844) ; "Reports of the Depu- ty-Keeper of the Public Records" (1840- 1861) ; and "History of Normandy and England" (1851-1860). He died in Hampstead, July 6, 1861. PALGRAVE, FRANCIS TURNER, an English poet and critic, eldest son of the preceding; born in London, England, Sept. 28, 1824. He was educated at Charterhouse School, became scholar of Balliol College, Oxford, and Fellow of Exeter, filled for five years the office of vice-principal of the Training College for Schoolmasters at Kneller Hall, was pri- vate Secretary to Earl Granville, and an official in the Educational Department of the Privy-council. He became Pro- fessor of Poetry at Oxford in 1886. His works are "Idylls and Songs" (1854) ; "Essays on Art" (1866); "Hymns" (1867); "Lyrical Poems" (1871); and the "Visions of England" (1881). He is best known, however, as the editor of "Golden Treasury of English Lyrics" (1861, and a 2d series in 1895) ; "The Children's Treasury of Lyrical Poetry" (2 vols. 1875); "The Sonnets and Songs of Shakespeare" (1877); "Selected Lyri- cal Poems of Herrick" (1877), of Keats (1885); and "Treasury of Sacred Song" (1889). He died Oct. 24, 1897. PALGRAVE, WILLIAM GIFFORD, an English traveler, son of Sir Francis; born in Westminster, England, Jan. 24, 1826. He was educated at the Chai'ter- house School and Oxford, graduating with great distinction in _ 1846. _ Next year he obtained a commission in the Bombay Native Infantry, which he re- signed to become a priest in the Society of Jesus. After studying in France and at Rome he was sent at his own request as a missionary to Syria, where he ac- quired a wonderfully intimate knowledge of Ai-abic. Summoned to France in 1860