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LEFT MAPISONVILLE 73 MADBE DE BIOS in some of the ablest papers of "The Fed- eralist." He gradually parted political company with the Federal party and re- fused a seat in the cabinet and the mis- sion to France in consequence of his in- clination to adopt the principles of the Republican party. During Adams's ad- ministration he remained mostly in re- tirement. In 1794 he married a brilliant society woman, Mrs. Todd, who after- ward proved socially helpful to him in public life. He opposed the Alien and Sedition Laws that were repealed some- what through his influence. His writings produced to some extent the reaction against the Federalists that resulted in Jefferson's election, who at once (1801) made him Secretary of State, in which office he conducted the diplomatic af- fairs of government so ably as to make him Jefferson's successor. He was elected to the presidency in 1808. The principal events of his administrations concern the War of 1812 with Great Britain and the treaty by which it was concluded. He filled the office for two terms, retiring in 1817 to his estate. He served in his old age as rector of the University of Virginia, and as a member of the conven- tion called to reform the Virginia con- stitution. He died in Montpelier, Va., June 28, 1836. MADISONVTLLE, capital of Hop- kins CO., Ky., on the Kentucky Midland railroad, 40 miles S. E. of Henderson. It forms the junction to several railroads and has timber mills and coal mines. Agricultural products, especially tobacco, are important articles of trade. Owns many of its public utilities. Pop. (1910) 4,966; (1920) 5,030. MADONNA, a word originally used in Italy, like madame in France, as a title of honor and dignity, but now exclu- sively applied to the Virgin Mary, as in other languages she is called "Our Lady." It is also applied to a number of cele- brated pictures, in which the Virgin forms the sole or principal object, as the Madonnas of Raphael. MADRAS (ma-dras'), a province of British India, occupying with its depen- dencies and Mysore, the entire S. of the peninsula of India, surrounded on every side except the N. by the sea, bounded on the N. by Bengal and the Central Prov- inces, the territory of Hyderabad and Mysore; area, 142,330 square miles; pop. about 43,000,000. It comprises 22 Brit- ish districts, 3 agencies under special administration, and 5 native states, viz., Travancore, Cochin, Pudukota, Bangana- palli, and Sandur. The three chief rivers, Godavari- Krishna, and Kaveri, rise in the western Ghats and enter the Bay of Bengal. The climate is varied; in the Nilgiri Hills it is temperate, on the Malabar coast the monsoon brings an excessive rainfall, while in the central table-land the rainfall is low and the heat almost unendurable. The soil is sandy along the coast, but there are many fertile districts; while iron, cop- per, lead, and coal are found in consid- erable quantities. There are extensive forests in the presidency, yielding teak, ebony, and other valuable timber trees. The principal vegetable products are rice, wheat, barley, maize, and other grains; sugar-cane, areca, yam, plan- tain, tamarind, jack-fruit, mango, mel- ons, cocoanuts, ginger, turmeric, pepper, tobacco, oil seeds, coffee and cotton. Irri- gation has been employed with excellent results. The wild animals are the ele- phant, tiger, chetah, jackal, wild hog, et<;. The Madras administration authority is vested in a governor, with a council of three members appointed bjj^ the king, of whom one is the commander-in-chief. For legislative purposes the council is in- creased by nominations of the governor. In each of the 22 districts there is a col- lector and a sessions judge. The chief educational institution is the Madras University, an examining body granting degrees in arts, law, medicine, and engi- neering. The imports amount to about $30,000,000, and the exports to $60,000,- 000 annually. Capital, Madras, situated on the E. or Coromandel coast of India, 835 miles S. W. of Calcutta, and 790 miles S. E. by rail of Bombay; has Fort St. George (1639), Government House (the gov- ernor's residence) ; churches and chapels of all denominations ; the cathedral of St. George's ; Presidency College ; the central institution of the Free Church of Scot- land's Mission; the Medical and Civil Engineering Colleges ; a flourishing school of art; a central museum; public statues to Lord Cornwallis, Sir T. Munro, and General Neill. The city is supplied with water from the Red Hill Reservoir, and sanitation is carefully enforced. Though situated on an open, surf-beaten coast of the Indian Ocean, the city possesses an important maritime trade, equal to more than one-third that of the entire presi- dency. Madras has been greatly im- proved in recent years by modern facili- ties. It is third in size among the cities of India. The site of Madras was ac- quired in 1639 from the Hindu Rajah of Chandgherry, by Mr. Francis Day, the chief of the company's trading settlement at Armagon. Pop. about 525,000, MADRE DE BIOS, chief tributary of Beni river. South America, over 900