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LEFT MacDONOTJGH 58 MACEBATA was an active promoter of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Canadian con- federation movement, and was a recog- nized leader of the Conservative party. He died in Earnscliffe Hall, near Ottawa, June 6, 1891. MacDONOUGH, THOMAS, an Ameri- can naval officer; born in New Castle co., Del., Dec. 23, 1783. In 1814 he com- manded a squadron on Lake Champlain, and defeated the British under Commo- dore George Downie. For this service he was promoted captain and was giveri a gold medal by Congress. He died at sea. Nov. 16, 1825. MacDOWELL, EDWARD ALEXAN- DER, American composer, born in 1861, in New York; was first instructed in music by Buitrago, Desvernine, and Teresa Carreno. At 15 entered the Paris Conservatory, two years later studying at Wiesbaden and Frankfort. At 20 was principal teacher of piano at Darmstadt. Through Liszt his First Modern Suite foi: piano was given in 1882 before the AU- gemeiner Deutscher Musikverein. In 1888 he returned to the United States and settled at Boston, where he speedily won recognition. In 1896 he was offered the professorship of the newly founded music department of Columbia Univer- sity and accepted. His later works in- cluded "Hamlet and Ophelia," "Lancelot and Elaine," "Lamia," four sonatas for piano, and smaller compositions. The last three years of his life were clouded by insanity. He died in New York in 1908. McDowell, IRVIN, an American military officer; born near Columbus, O., Oct. 15, 1818; was aid-de-camp to Gen- eral Wool in the Mexican War (1845); commanded the Department of North- eastern Virginia and the defenses of Washington (1861), and the Army of the Potomac at the battle of Bull Run; later commanded the Department of the Pa- cific (1864); of California (1866); of the East (1868); of the South (1872). He died in San Francisco, Cal., May 5, 1885. MACDUFF, a Scotch hero, thane, or Earl of Fife; commemorated in Shakes- peare's play "Macbeth." MACE, a spice, the dried aril or cover- ing of the seed of the nutmeg {MyHstica fragrans), this covering being a fleshy netlike envelope somewhat resembling the husk of a filbert. When fresh it is of a beautiful crimson hue. It is ex- tremely fragrant and aromatic, and is chiefly used in cooking or in pickles. MACEDONIA, in ancient geography, a territory Ijdng to the N. of Greece, which first became powerful under its king Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, and conqueror of Greece. Alex- ander the Great added immensely to the empire of Macedonia, and made what had only been a petty province mistress of half the world. After his death the empire was divided; dominion was lost over Greece; and the result of the battles of Cynoscephalae (197 B. c.) and Pydna (168 B. c.) was to reduce the ancient kingdom to a Roman province. Macedonia, previous to the World War, formed a part of Turkey in Europe, and is inhab- ited by Wallachians, Turks, Greeks, and Albanians. Following the Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913, a large part of Macedonia was partitioned among the victorioys coun- tries — Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria. Greece received the larger portion, in- cluding Saloniki, Seres, Drama, Kozani, and Fiorina. Macedonia suffered greatly in the World War. In 1916, after a fierce struggle, the greater part of the country was in the hands of the Austro- Germans and a half civil and half mili- tary administration was established. In August, 1917, of that year an attempt was made on the part of the Allies under the leadership of General Sarrail to con- duct an offensive in Macedonia as a diversion against threatened Bulgarian attacks. This, however, failed. In 1918, however, an offensive was carried on chiefly by the Serbian army, which resulted in the capture of Monastir and was the beginning of the collapse of Bulgaria. By the conditions of the treaty of peace Macedonia practically ceased as a separate entity. The greater part of its former territory was absorbed by Greece. MACEDONIAN, pertaining to, or in any way connected with the teaching of Macedonius; as. the Macedonian heresy. The Macedonians in Church history were a sect which came into existence toward the end of the Arian controversy, taking its name from Macedonius, who became Patriarch of Constantinople in 341. MACER, one of a number of officers attending the Supreme Courts in Scot- land, appointed by the crown. Their duty is to keep silence in the court, and execute the orders of the coxirts, if ad- dressed to them. They hold their office for life, and are paid by salary. MACERATA (ma-cha-ra'ta), a walled town of central Italy, picturesquely perched on an eminence (1,207 feet), 44 miles S. of Ancona; has a cathedral, a beautiful town hall of the 13th century, and manufactures of glass and pottery; the university (1290) had in 1917 about 340 students. Pop. about 25,000.