Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 06.djvu/610

LEFT NUREMBERG 500 NUTRITION Din the gratitude of the Caliph of Bag- dad, who created him Sultan of Syria and Egypt. Nur ed-Din, however, grew jealous of his able young lieutenant, and was preparing to march into Egypt in person, when he died in Damascus in May, 1173. NUREMBERG, a city in the Bavarian province of Middle Franconia, Germany; on the Pegnitz river; 95 miles N. by W. of Munich. It is the quaintest and most interesting town of Germany, on account of the wealth of its mediaeval architec- ture. The Burg or royal palace, built (1024-1158) by Conrad II. and Fred- erick Barbarossa, is rich in paintings and wood-carvings. Among eight fine churches the two finest are St. Lawrence (1274-1477), with two noble towers 233 feet high, exquisite stained glass, the famous stone tabernacle (1495-1500) by Adam Krafft, and the wood-carvings of Veit Stoss; and St. Sebald's (1225-1377), with the superb shrine of Peter Vischer. Other notewox-thy objects are the Italian Renaissance town hall (1622) ; the new law courts (1877); the gymnasium, founded by Melanchthon (1526); the Germanic museum (1852) ; Albert Dii- rer's house; and the statues of him, Hans Sachs, and Melanchthon, with the "Victoria" or Soldiers' monument (1876). Nuremberg wares include specialties of metal, wood, and bone carvings, and dolls, and about 200 factories produce chemicals, ultramarine, type, lead-pen- cils, beer, etc., and the town besides does a vast export trade in hops. First heard of in 1050, Nuremberg was raised to the rank of a free imperial city by Frederick II. in 1219. In 1417 the HohenzoUerns sold all their rights to the magistracy. This put an end to the feuds which had hitherto raged be- tween the burgrave and the municipal- ity; and Nuremberg for a time became the chief home in Germany of the arts and of inventions — watches or "Nurem- berg eggs," air-guns, globes, etc. In consequence of disputes in the latter part of the 18th century with Prussia, it en- tered into the Rhenish Confederation, and in 1806 was transferred to Bavaria. Pop. (1916) 330,142. NUT, the name popularly given to the roundish fruit of certain trees and shrubs, consisting of a hard shell in- closing a kernel; as, a walnut, a cocoa- nut, a hazelnut, etc. In the United States, as in England, the name nut, without distinctive prefix, is commonly given to the hazelnut, but in France to the walnut. In mechanism, a short in- ternal screw, which acts in the head of an external screw, and is employed to fasten anything that may become be- tween it and a flange on the bottom of the external screw or bolt. A piece of metal with a cylindrical grooved hole, screwed upon the end of a screw bolt. In nautics, a projecting nozzle on each side of the shank of an anchor, to hold the stock firmly in its place. NUTCRACKER, in ornithology, the genus Nucifraga, and especially N. cary- ocatactes, common in southern Europe, a visitor to the N. portions of the Conti- nent; flocks have been seen in Switzer- land. They feed on the seeds of pine and beech, and on nuts, which they fix in some convenient crevice and hammer with the beak till the kernel is exposed. The plumage is of different shades of brown, studded with long white spots. Clark's nutcracker is N. columbiana. NUT HATCH, in ornithology, Sitta Europaea, a well-known bird; the upper parts delicate bluish-gray, throat white, under parts reddish brown, rich chest- nut on flanks. It is extremely shy. The bill is wedge-shaped; in habits it resem- bles the creepex', but has the power of descending the trunk of a tree head downward, which the latter bird never does. The nut hatch is insectivorous, using its bill to pry off the bark to get at the insects underneath. NUTLEY, a town of New Jersey, in Essex CO. It is on the Morris Canal and the Erie railroad. It is almost entirely a residential suburb of New York and has many fine private residences. Its chief industries are the manufacture of paper and wool. It has the Nutley School, a public library, and a high school. Pop. (1910) 6,009; (1920) 9,421. NUTMEG, the kernel of the fruit of Myristica moschata or fragrans. This fruit is a nearly spherical drupe of the size and somewhat of the shape of a small pear. The fleshy pax*t is of a yel- lowish color without, almost white within. The nut is oval, the shell very hard and dark-bx'own. This immediately envelops the kernel, which is the nutmeg as commonly sold in the shops. The tree producing this finiit grows principally in the islands of Banda in the East Indies, and had been introduced into Sumatra, India, Brazil, and the West Indies. It reaches the height of 20 or 30 feet. The nutmeg is an aromatic, stimulating in its nature, possessing narcotic proper- ties. NUTRITION, in animal physiology, the function exercised in the growth and development of the body. The blood in the capillaries is the source from which all the tissues derive their nutrition, the