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LEFT NTOVEMBEB 496 NOYES Miss Murfree (Charles Egbert Crad- dock). Henry Harland, Robert Cham- bers, Constance Woolson, Mary Wilkins, Thomas N. Page, Mary Hartwell Catherwood, Booth Tarkington, Edith Wharton, Theodore Dreiser, James Lane Allen, and many others. The most celebrated of the French novelists of the 19th century are Madame de Stael, Chateaubriand, Victor Hugo, Dumas (father and son), Balzac, Alphonse Karr, Stendhal, De Mau- passant, George Sand, Feuillet, Prosper Ivierimee, Edmond About, Erekmann- Chatrian, Gautier, Zola, Daudet, etc. ine more noteworthy names in the German literature of fiction are those of Gutzkow, Wilibald Alexis (Wilhelm Haring), Hacklander, Spielhagen, Gott- fried and Johanna Kinkel, Auerbach, Rodenberg, G. zu Putlitz, Gustav Frey- tag, Paul Heyse, Georg Ebers, Roseg- ger, etc. Among the most important novels in other languages are those in the Italian by Manzoni, in Danish by Hans Christian Andersen, in Swedish by Frederika Bremer, and Madame Car- len, in Hungarian by Maurus Jokai, in Russian by Ivan Tourguenieff, Tolstoi and Dostoievsky, in Polish by Sien- kiewicz, in Spanish by Valdes, Bazan, and Galdos. NOVEMBEE, the 11th month of the year. Among the Romans it was the 9th month at the time when the year consisted of 10 months, and then con- tained 30 days. It subsequently was made to contain only 29, but Julius Csesar gave it 31; and in the reign of Augustus the number was restored to 30, which number it has since retained. Its festivals are All Saints (1), St. Hubert (3), St. Martin (11), St. Cath- erine (25), and St. Andrew (30). NOVGOEOD, a city of Russia; capi- tal of a province; on the Volkhof. It is the cradle of Russian history. In 864, according to tradition, Rurik (a Varangian, apparently a Scandinavian), was invited there by the neighboring tribes, and from him begins the history of the country. As early as the 12th century it had become the market of N. E. Europe, was called Novgorod the Great, and had 400,000 inhabitants. Its government was a sort of republic. The greatness of Novgorod provoked the jealousy of the princes of Moscow, and in 1471 the Czar Ivan III. nearly de- stroyed the town, bereft it of its liber- ties, and exiled the most influential citi- zens; and when Archangel was opened for English trading-vessels, but espe- cially after the foundation of St. Peters- burg, its trade fell away, and the town rapidly declined. There is considerable trade in corn, flax, and hemp, but few manufactures. Pop. about 28,000. NOVI, a town of Italy, 30 miles N. W. of Genoa. Here in 1799 the French were defeated (Aug. 15), and victorious (Nov. 6). NOVIBAZAR, or NOVIPAZAR, a town of Serbia on the Rashka river. In the town and vicinity are many ruins. Under the Turkish rule the city was a capital of a sanjak of the same name. It was given back to Turkey in 1909 as partial compensation for the annexa- tion of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but during the Balkan War it was occupied in 1912 by Serbia and was finally trans- ferred to that country by the treaties following the conclusion of that war. Pop. about 15,000. NOVOGEORGIEVSK, town and for- tress in Poland, situated on the junc- tion of the Bug and Vistula rivers, nine miles N. W. of Warsaw, founded by Charles XII. of Sweden. Later it was enlarged by Napoleon. In 1813 it was taken over by Russia. It was the scene of much heavy fighting during the World War, before the fall of Warsaw. NOVOROSSISK, a city of Russia, a province of the Caucasus. It is a sea- port, and prior to the World V/ar carried on extensive trade in grain and naphtha. Pop. about 60,000. NOVO-TCHERKASK, a city of Russia, the capital of the territory of the Don Cossacks. It is situated on the right bank of the Don river. It has many im- portant educational institutions. Prior to the war distilling was the chief in- dustry. There are important anthracite coal mines near the town. Pop. about 67,000. NOWANAGAK,, a city of India, the capital of the state of the same name. Its chief industries are pearl fisheries and the manufacturing of cloth, silk, dye goods, and oils. It has a consider- able trade. Pop. about 50,000. NOX, or NYX, in classical mythology, the goddess of night. NOYES, ALFRED, English poet and writer: born in Staffordshire, Sept. 16, 1880. Educated at Exeter College, Ox- ford. Began literary worlc, devoting him- self especially to the study and writing of poetry. Contributed verse and critical articles to the leading English and Amer- ican reviews. In 1907 he married Ger- trude, daughter of Col. B. C. Daniels,