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LEFT NEGRO IN AMERICA 407 NEGRO IN AMERICA •ward more highly skilled labor is notice- able. In 1900 the number in factory in- dustry was 131,216; in 1910 the number was 358,180; an increase of 226,964, or 173 per cent. According to the census of 1910 there were, excluding the 10,601 boarding and lodging housekeepers, 38,882 Negroes en- gaged in business enterprises. This did not include those operating blacksmith, barber and shoe shops, and several other classes of business connected with the trades for which separate returns for proprietors and employees were not made. Probably 5,000 or more should have been added, making the total about 43,000. It is estimated that there are now 50,000 or more Negroes engaged in business. The general effect on the Negroes of the United States by the World War was greatly to increase the number of occupations in which they were engaged. In Pittsburgh industrial concerns alone there were in 1916, 2,550 Negroes em- ployed, while in 1918 the number had in- creased to 8,325. (Epstein, "The Negro Migrant to Pittsburgh.") The following table shows the general progress of the Negro since 1866, the end of the Civil War: published was in 1865, "The Christian Recorder." Negroes now own and pub- lish 450 periodicals, of which 70 are religious, 85 educational, 7 organs of national associations and general litera- ture, 30 fraternal organs, and 220 news- papers. The first Negro lawyer, Allen B. Macon, was admitted to practice law in Worcester, Mass., 1845. There are now 779 Negro lawyers. There are 33 na- tional associations of various kinds; social settlements by Negroes are dis- tributed throughout the country; over 60 fraternal organizations, with a total membership of 2,000,000. Of these, the Knights of Pythias have $1,000,000 for endowment and $2,500,000 of property; the Odd Fellows $2,000,000 of property and the Masons $1,000,000. These fra- ternal organizations are largely for the purpose of improving health, social and economic conditions. The list of books published by Negroes is necessarily faulty and incomplete. The earliest production in the United States was "Twelve Years a Slave," by Solomon Northrup, Buifalo and London, 1853 ; the next, "The History of the Un- derground Railroad," by William Still, Philadelphia, 1872. Hundreds are listed, Kconomic Progress — Homes owned Farms operated Businesses conducted Wealth accumulated Educational Progress — Per cent, literate Colleges and normal schools Students in public schools Teachers in all schools Property for higher education Annual expenditures for education. . Raised by Negroes Religious Progress — Number of churches Number of communicants Number of Sunday schools Sunday school pupils Value of church property 1866 12,000 20,000 2,100 $20,000,000 10 15 100,000 600 $60,000 $700,000 $80,000 700 600,000 1,000 50,000 $1,500,000 1919 600,000 1,000,000 50,000 $1,100,000,000 80 500 1,800,000 38,000 $22,000,000 $15,000,000 $1,700,000 43,000 4,800,000 46,000 2,250,000 $85,900,000 Gain in Fifty-three Years 588.000 980,000 47,900 $1,080,000,000 70 485 1,700,000 37,400 $21,940,000 $14,300,000 $1,620,000 42,300 4,200,000 39,000 2,200,000 $84,400,000 The social and moral condition of the Negro is rapidly improving, owing chiefly ^ to education and to a better economic position in the community. Wherever economic conditions of the Negro improve, family life and morals improve. Poverty, overcrowding in the cabins in the South and tenements in the North, and segregation in the worst quarters in the city, result in destruc- tion of family life, and in disease and crime. The Negro has improved to a larger extent educationally than in any other line. (See "Negro Education in the United States.") The first periodical not including special studies on social and economic questions. (Reference, "A Select Bibliography of the Negro Ameri- can," W. E. B. DuBois, Atlanta Uni- versity Publication, No. 10, 1905; "Bib- liography of the Negro in America," report of the United States Commis- sioner of Education, 1894, Vol. I.; "Se- lect List of References on the Negro," A. R. Grifin, Library of Congress, Sec- ond Edition, 1906.) Negro Migration, — Within three years, following the outbreak of the war iif Europe, more than 400,000 Negroes moved north. In extent, this movement is without parallel in American history.