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LEFT NEGRO EDUCATION 405 NEGRO IN AMERICA Boai'd, the Slater and Peabody Funds, and the Rosenwald Foundation (through the administration by Tuskegee of funds for rural improvement). Alabama, Ar- kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, ^ Missis- sippi, North Carolina, Virginia have State colored supervisors in the rural schools. The largest single contribution to the education of the Negro was made by Pierre S. duPont of Delaware, who in 1919 gave $900,000 for building and equipping rural Negro schools in Dela- ware. The Baptist, Catholic, Congregational, Friends, Lutheran, Methodist Episcopal, Presbyterian, Reformed Episcopalian, and Reformed Presbyterian, Seventh Day Adventists, and United Brethren churches maintain boards which carry on educational work among the Negroes. The Society of Friends conducts a num- ber of schools, notably the one at Chey- ney, Pa., a normal school; the outgrowth of the old Institute for Colored Youth, formerly at Philadelphia, founded in 1852. The United States Bureau of Educa- tion's report on Negro education gives 64 public high schools for colored per- sons. These schools had 49 teachers, 29,- 923 elementary students, and 8,453 sec- ondary students— a total of 29,376. These high schools were located by States as follows: Alabama, 4; Arkansas, 5; Delaware, 1; District of Columbia, 2; Florida, 2; Georgia, 1; Kansas, 1; Ken- tucky, 9; Maryland, 1; Mississippi, 1; Missouri, 2; Oklahoma, 5; South Caro- lina, 1; Tennessee, 5; Texas, 13; Vir- ginia, 6; West Virginia, 5. Howard University, the largest insti- tution for the higher education of the Negro, was founded by the Freedmen's Bureau in 1869. It comprises colleges of law, medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, the- ology, education, arts. It is connected with the Freedmen's Hospital, which serves as a practice school for the gradu- ates in medicine and pharmacy. In 1875 Booker Taliaferro Washing- ton graduated from Hampton Institute, whither he had entered in 1872. On July 4, 1881, he established the Tuske- gee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama, the greatest institution of its kind in the world. Expenditures. — During 1917-1918, the expenditures for private and higher schools for the Negro in the United States were by States and municipalities $686,253; by the United States Govern- ment, $381,000; from other sources than those mentioned above, $3,425,000; total, $4,492,253. There was expended for col- ored public schools by the sixteen former slave States, the District of Columbia and Oklahoma, $12,964,457. The total expenditure for Negro education was $17,456,710. It is roughly estimated that the reli- gious and philanthropic organizations have contributed since 1865 about $63,- 500,000 for the education of the Negro in the South. During this same period the Negroes themselves, by direct con- tributions through their churches and other means, have contributed over $30,- 000,000 for their education. It is esti- mated that since 1870 the Southern States have expended from their public funds about $143,000,000 for Negro com- mon schools. School Propeyty and EndowTnents. — The total value of the property, includ- ing scientific apparatus, grounds and buildings owned by institutions for sec- ondary and higher training of Negroes, amounts to about $24,792,669. The endowments or productive funds of schools for Negroes amount to ap- proximately $9,550,000. Of this amount $3,050,000 belongs to colleges and uni- versities, and $6,500,000 to normal and industrial schools. Only about twenty colleges for Negroes have endowments. During the year 1917-1918 all Negro schools increased their endowments about $500,000. _ Co^^trihutions of Negroes for Educa- tion. — It is estimated that through the churches and other means Negroes are each year raising about $2,000,000 for the support of 175 schools. Their school property is valued at about $2,500,000. NEGRO IN AMERICA, THE. The first mention of the Negro in America is found in the records of the voyages of Columbus. In 1501, or earlier, Negro slaves were familiar in the West Indies, African slaves having been brought over by the Spanish emigres. From 1505 to 1510 there are records of King Ferdi- nand sending slaves to the West Indies. In 1516, 30 Negroes accompanied Balboa and assisted him in building the first ship constructed on the Pacific Coast. On accession to the Spanish throne in 1517, Charles V., also Emperor of Ger- many and the Netherlands, granted the exclusive monopoly to Flemish noblemen to import annually 4,000 Africans to Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto Rico. (References: Lowery, "Spanish Settlements Within the Limits of the United States, 1513-1561"; Wright, "Negro Companions of Spanish Ex- plorers," American Anthropologist, Vol. IV., N. S., 1902.") In August, 1619, a Dutch vessel brought to Jamestown 20 Negroes, who were sold into servitude. Virginia did not give statutory recognition to slavery