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LEFT NAVARINO 388 NAVIGATION LAWS navy. Among these were the training stations at Bumkin Island, Boston Har- bor, Bensonhurst, L. I., Pelham Bay Park, N. Y., Cape May, N. J., Cherry- stone Island, Va., Charleston S. C. (Navy Yard). Schools were established at the navy yards in Philadelphia, Boston, San Francisco, and other important cities for intensive training of the men before they were assigned to ships. NAVARINO (-re'no),orNEOCASTRO, officially Fylos, a small seaport on a bay on the S. W. coast of the Morea, Greece; it has the best harbor in Greece. The ancient Pylos, the city of Nestor, stood near. The Bay of Navarino was the scene of a great sea-fight between the Athenians under Cleon and the Spar- tans (425 B. c), in which the latter were defeated; and on Oct. 20, 1827, it saw the annihilation of the Turkish and Egyptian navies by the combined Brit- ish, French, and Russian fleets under Sir Edward Codrington. NAVARRE, a province and ancient kingdom of Spain, bounded on the N. by France, on the E, by Aragon, on the S. by Old Castile, and on the W. by the Basque provinces; area 6,046 square miles; pop. 304,122. The surface is gen- erally mountainous and bleak, but in the valleys and along the river banks the soil is very fertile. The principal rivers are the Aragon, Zidacos, Arga, Ebro, and Bidassoa. Products, wheat, maize, bar- ley, and oats. Minerals, iron, copper, and rock-salt. Principal towns: Pampe- luna (capital), Tudela, Olite, and Estella. Navarre was inhabited at an early period by the Vascones, who were expelled by the Romans. It was seized by the Visigoths in 470, invaded by the Saracens early in the 8th century, and fell under the sway of Charlemagne in 778. It became an independent state in 855. In 1035 Navarre was divided into three kingdoms — Navarre, Aragon, and Castile. The first two became united in 1076, and again separated in 1134. In 1285, it became an appanage of France, but recovered its independence in 1328. Ferdinand conquered it in 1512. The estates of Navarre took the oath of alle- giance to him in 1513, and it was incor- porated with Castile in 1515. After this act of spoliation, there remained nothing of the ancient kingdom of Navarre be- yond a small territory on the N. side of the Pryenees, which was subsequently united to the crown of France by Henri IV. of Bourbon, King of Navarre, whose mother, Jeanne d'Albret, was grand- daughter of Queen Catherine; and hence the history of Navarre ends with his accession to the French throne, in 1589. NAVE, that part of an ecclesiastical edifice to the W. of the choir, and in which the congregation assemble; the part of a church between the aisles. NAVEL, in anatomy, the cicatrix of the umbilicus which causes a narrow and deep impression on the surface of the abdomen; it marks where the foetus was attached to the placenta by the um- bilical cord. In ordnance, a perforated lug on the underside of a carronade which is en- gaged by a through bolt and thereby secured to the carriage. NAVIGATION, the art or science of navigating or conducting vessels from one port to another, on the ocean, by the best routes. Navigation more especially means the art of directing and measur- ing the course of ships, and of deteraiin- ing the position of the ship at any mo- ment, and the direction and distance of her destination. There are two methods of determining the position of a ship at sea; the first by means of the reckoning; that is, from a record which is kept of the course sailed and distances made on each course; the second is by means of observations made on the heavenly bodies, and the aid of spherical trigo- nometry. The first method gives only approximate results; the second admits of great accuracy. The position of the vessel being known at any moment, the direction and distance of any other point may be determined either by the aid of a chart, or by the application of the prin- ciples of trigonometry. To the approxi- mate methods of determining a ship's position it is necessary to add frequent checks by astronomical observations. The principal objects to be attained by astronomical observations are, to ascer tain the latitude, the longitude, and the variation of the needle, for correcting the dead reckoning. NAVIGATION LAWS. Very little change has been made in the navigation laws of the United States since their adoption in 1792-1793. The main fea- tures of these laws may be summed up as follows: No vessel, unless entirely built in this country and wholly owned and officered by Americans, is considered an American vessel having the right to be protected by the American flag. No foreign vessel is permitted to engage in the American coasting trade, the same extending from Atlantic to Pacific ports. American vessels are no longer consid- ered as such if even a part-owner (with a few exceptions) resides abroad for a short time. Transfer of an American vessel to foreigners prohibits it from