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LEFT MONTFOET 293 MONTGOMERY was Empress of Constantinople. In 1631 the Dukes of Savoy obtained a portion of Montferrat, and in 1703 the remaining portion. MONTFORT, SIMON DE, an English general and statesman, born about 1208. He quitted France for England in 1231 or 1236, where the estates to which he was heir were taken possession of with the title Earl of Leicester. Henry III. permitted him to marry his sister, the Countess dowager of Pembroke, and ap- pointed him lieutenant-general, or sene- schal of Gascony. From this time the interest of English history turns on the disputes between this turbulent subject at the head of a confederacy of the barons and the crown, the first incident in it being Montfort's recall from his government. In 1258 Henry had con- voked a Parliament, to procure supplies for the conquest of Sicily. Montfort and the barons made an armed protest against his government, the end of which was the appointment of 24 of their number, with Montfort as president, to administer the affairs of the kingdom. The king and his son. Prince Edward, endeavoring to reconquer the royal authority by force of arms, were defeated at the battle of Lewes. 1264. In 1265, De Montfort con- vened a Parliament, in which representa- tives were sent from the boroughs for the first time on record and thus origi- nated the House of Commons. He was now the leader of the popular party, and was obliged to take the field by the dis- affection of the Earl of Gloucester who, with many other of the barons, joined Prince Edward. The battle of Evesham, Aug. 4," 1265, decided the contest. Simon de Montfort, overpowered by numbers, fell and the ruin of his family succeeded. MONTGOLFIER (mowfif-gol-fya'), JO- SEPH ]y[ICHEL (1740-1810) and JAC- QUES ETIENNE (1745-1799), joint-in- ventors of the balloon, were born in Vidalon-lds-Annonay, in the department of Ardeche, in France. Their first bal- loon, inflated with rarefied atmospheric air, ascended from Annonay in 1782. Joseph was also the inventor of the water-ram. MONTGOMERY, a city, county-seat of Montgomery co., and capital of the State of Alabama; on the Alabama river, and on the Louisvlle and Nashville, the Western of Alabama, the Plant System, the Central of Georgia, the Mobile and Ohio and the Seaboard Air Line rail- roads; 95 miles S. E. of Birmingham. Here are the United States Government Building, Masonic Temple, city infirmary, an orphanage, large cotton storage ware- houses, electric lights, electric street rail- ways. National banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. It has manu- factories of ice, fertilizers, candy, wag- ons, carriages, cigars, vinegar, soap, crackers, paper boxes, etc.; large inter- ests in cotton oil machinery, marble, etc.; and an assessed property valuation of nearly $30,000,000. The opening of the Panama Canal gave a great impetus to the commercial interests of Montgom- ery, and it is now one of the most im- portant industrial cities of the South. Montgomery was founded in 1817, and named in honor of General Montgomery, who was killed in the action at Quebec. It received its charter in 1837, and was inade the State capital in 1847. It was also the capital of the Confederate States in 1861-1862. Pop. (1910) 38,136; (1920) 43,464. MONTGOMERY, the name of a noble family, sprung from ROGER DE MONTGO- MERY, a companion-in-arms of William the Conqueror. The son of Roger was banished the kingdom in the reign of Henry I., and one of his descendants was created Earl of Eglinton by James IV. of Scotland, 1502. Gabriel de Montgomery, a member of this family, had the mis- fortune to wound Henry II. in a tourna- ment, of which the king died, 1559. He afterward distinguished himself in the religious wars of France, and was be- headed by order of Catherine de Medici, in 1574. MONTGOMERY. JOHN KNOX, clergy- man; born at Belfast, Tenn., in 1861, attended Enfield College, 111., and Indiana State University, graduating from the latter in 1884, and from Xenia Theolog- ical Seminary, 0., with the degree of B. D. in 1887. In the same year he was or- dained and became pastor, first at Harshaville, 0., then in turn at Sparta, 111., Cincinnati, O., Chicago, and Char- lotte, N. C. Has been president of Muskingum College since June, 1904. In 1900 he was Prohibitionist candidate for secretary of state of Ohio, and from 1914 has been president of the Ohio Anti- Saloon League. Has been editor of reli- gious papers in Pittsburgh and Philadel- phia. Was preacher in army camps un- der National War Work Council. MONTGOMERY, RICHARD, an American military officer; born in Swords, Ireland, Dec. 2. 1736. He en- tered the army of Great Britain and was with Wolfe at the taking of Quebec in 1759. On his return to England he re- signed his commission and emigrated to America. When the Revolutionary War began he was given command of the