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LEFT MONTENEGRO 290 MONTE ROSA 4th century, was subject to the great Serbian kingdom till about 1389. In 1516 the secular prince abdicated in favor of the Archbishop Vavil, who then formed Montenegro into a theocratic state, under an autocratic vladika or* celibate prince- bishop. The dignity was inherited through brothers and nephews, and after 1697 became hereditary in the family of Pet- rovitch Njegos. The history of Monte- negro for many years is a record of deadly struggle with the Turks, and of a slowly growing civilization among its inhabitants. In 1852 Danilo became vla- dika, but in 1855 he married, threw off his ecclesiastical character, assuming the title of hospodar or prince, and trans- formed his land into a secular princi- pality, the independence of which was soon recognized by Russia. Danilo was assassinated in 1860, and Nicholas I. was proclaimed his successor, Aug. 14, of that year. In 1861-1862 he engaged in a not altogether successful war against Turkey; but in 1876 he joined Serbia and in 1877-1878 Russia against his heredi- tary foe, with the results that 1,900 square miles were added to his territory by the Treaty of Berlin; that the port of Antivari and all the waters of Mon- tenegro were closed to the ships of war of all nations; and that the administra- tion of the maritime and sanitary police on the coast was placed in the hands of Austria. Montenegro suffered severely in the World War. At the first invasion of Serbia by the Austrian armies, Monte- negro lost no time in declaring war against the Central Empires. Although the army numbered only about 40,000 men, they were at once placed in the field. A separate army was dispatched by Austria to invade Montenegro and to prevent a junction of the Serbian and Montenegrin armies. This force, how- ever, was repulsed, and from the top of the strongly fortified Mount Lovcen, the Montenegrins carried on the bombard- ment of Cattaro held by the enemy. On Aug. 10, 1914, the Montenegrin infantry delivered a strong attack against the Austrian garrisons, but they were un- able to make good the advantage they first gained. They successfully resisted the Austrians in the second invasion of Serbia and almost succeeded in reach- ing Sarajevo in Bosnia. With the begin- ning of the third invasion, however, they were compelled to retire before greatly superior numbers, and Serbia was finally overrun by Austro-German armies. Mon- tenegro was also invaded and for the remainder of the war was in the posses- sion of the Central Powers. King Nich- olas fled to Italy and then to France. The government was transferred to Bordeaux. In December, 1918, King Nicholas was deposed by the National Assembly, on account of attempts made previously to bring about peace with Austria. On the creation of the state of Jugoslavia, Montenegro became a part of this kingdom. See Jugoslavia. MONTENOTTE (mon-te-not'te), a small village of northern Italy, 26 miles W. of Genoa, where Napoleon won his first victory over the Austrians, April 12, 1796. MONTEPULCIANO (mon-te-pol-cha'- no), a town of Italy, a bishop's see, 43 miles S. E. of Siena. The birthplace of Politian and Bellarmine, and is famous for its red wine. Pop. about 16,000. MONTEREATJ (mongt-ro), a French town at the confluence of the Seine and Yonne. At the bridge here, in 1419, Jean- sans-Peur, Duke of Burgundy, was as- sassinated at the instigation and in the presence of the young Dauphin, after- ward Charles VII. In the vicinity Napo- leon, on Feb. 18, 1814, gained his last victory over the allies. MONTEREY, a city of California, in Monterey co. It is on Monterey Bay, and on the Southern Pacific railroad, and also on several steamship lines. While it is an important industrial and agricul- tural community, it is chiefly noted as a residential city. There are fine facili- ties for bathing, and its climate is mild and equable. The city contains many in- teresting specimens of Spanish archi- tecture, including the San Carlos and Carmel missions, and the old custom house. Its leading industries are farm- ing, cattle raising, and canning. The city figured largely in the early history of California. A mission was estab- lished here by the Spanish in 1770. From 1840 to 1845 it was the capital of the province. In 1847 Monterey became the seat of the military government of Cali- fornia. Pop. (1910) 4,923; (1920) 5,479. MONTEREY (mon-ta-ra'), a city and capital of the State of Nuevo Le6n, Mex- ico; is in a fertile plateau- valley, 670 miles N. of Mexico City. It is a well- built town, with a thriving trade. Founded in 1599, it was taken by the American army under General Taylor in 1846. Pop. about 74,000. MONTE ROSA (mon'te rS'sa), an Alpine Mountain mass with four princi- pal peaks, in the Pennine ridge which separates the Swiss canton of Valais from Italy. The highest peak, the Du- fourspitze, 15,217 feet high, was first climbed in 1855.