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LEFT MONT-DORE-LES-BAINS 289 MONTENEGRO MONT - DORE - LES - BAINS (mow^- dor-la-ban5'')> a village of Auvergne, France; in the department of Puy-de- Dome, 3,412 feet above the sea-level, in a picturesque valley, which is bordered by rugged volcanic hills, and closed to- ward the S. by a semicircle of jagged mountains, the highest point of which, the Pic de Sancy (6,188 feet), is the loftiest mountain in central France. The Mont Dore mineral springs, used by the Romans, are of great value in affections of the throat, most diseases of the respir- atory organs, and rheumatism. MONTEBELLO CASTEGaiO (mon-te- beri5 ka-ted'jo), a village of northern Italy, where the Austrians were defeated by a French army under General Lannes, June 9, 1800. In May, 1859, the Aus- trians were again defeated here by the united French and Piedmontese army. MONTE CARLO (mon'te kar'16), the casino in MONACO (q. v.). The first stone was laid in 1856. The "Association of the Watering-Place and Strangers' Club of Monaco," whose capital is $6,000,000 in 60,000 shares, holds a contract, which was made with the late Prince Charles, and expired in 1913. It has practically to bear the cost of spiritual and tem- poral government for the principality. The present ruler, Prince Albert, receives from the society an annuity of $350,000 a year. Pop. about 10,000. MONTECATINI (ka-te'ne), a water- ing place of Italy, 30 miles N. W. of Florence. Its mineral springs are sa- line, and are efficacious for abdominal complaints, scrofula, and dysentery. MONTE CRISTO (kres'to), a small island 6 miles in circumference belonging to Italy, 25 miles of S. of Elba, the seat of a penal colony. Dumas gave the name of the isle to the hero of his most popular romance. MONTEFIORE, SIR MOSES (mon- te-fe-o're), a Jewish philanthropist, de- scendant of a wealthy family of bankers ; born in Leghorn, Italy, Oct. 24, 1784. In 1812 he married Judith Cohen (1784- 1862), a lady who went hand in hand with him in all his many schemes of philanthropy. As a stock-broker he soon achieved great success. In 1818 he was elected president of the Spanish and Portuguese community. From 1829 on- ward he took a prominent part in the struggle for removing the civil disabili- ties of English Jews. He was for a time High Sheriff of Kent, and, after long exclusion and repeated re-election, was legally admitted as Sheriff of London in 1837. In that year he was knighted, and in 1846 was raised to a baronetcy. He made seven journeys to the East, the first being in 1827, and the latest in 1875, chiefly for the amelioration of the condi- tion of his countrymen. In memory of his wife he endowed a Jewish college at Ramsgate in 1865. In his 101st year he died in Ramsgate, England, July 28, 1885. MONTENEGRO (native Tzrnagora, Turkish Karadagh, all meaning Black Mountain), formerly an independent principality of Europe, situated in the W. part of the Balkan Peninsula, and bounded by Albania, the Adriatic, and the former Austrian provinces of Herzegovina and Dalmatia; area, about 3,630 square miles; pop. about 250,000. The surface is everywhere mountainous, being covered by an extension of the Dinaric Alps, rising to the height of 8,850 feet. There are, however, a few beautiful and verdant plains and valleys, in which the soil is tolerably fertile. The principal river is the Moratcha. About half of the Lake of Scutari, besides sev- eral smaller lakes, lies within the Mon- tenegrin boundary. The climate is healthy. Forests of beech, pine, chestnut, and other valuable timber cover many of the mountain sides. Fruit trees of all kinds abound, especially in the sheltered valleys, where even almonds, vines,_ and pomegranates ripen. Agriculture is in a very rude and inefficient state, though every cultivable piece of land is planted with Indian corn, potatoes, tobacco, rye, wheat, cabbages, or some other useful plant. Sheep, cattle, and goats are reared in great numbers. Manufactures, with exception of a coarse woolen stuff, are unknown. The chief occupations of the Montenegrins are agriculture and fishing, trade being altogether left to foreigners. The exports are sheep and cattle, mutton-hams, sumach, honey, hides, cheese, butter, and other agricul- tural produce. The chief towns are Cettinje, the capital; Podgoritza; Nik- sich; and the seaports Dulcigno and Antivari. The Montenegrins are pure Serbs and speak a Serbian dialect. They are generally of tall stature and well proportioned. The men go at all times fully armed, whatever be the occupation in which they are engaged, and all be- tween 18 and 50 years of age (estimated at 29,000) are liable to military service. In religion they are of the Greek Church. Education, though once neglected, is free and coiapulsory. Montenegro was nomi- nally a constitutional monarchy, with a state council of eight members, but the king was practically absolute. Montenegro, first appearing as a prin- cipality under the name of Zeta in the